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Contributors
Joseph Alarcon
Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department ofElectrical and
ComputerEngineering, Ryerson University, Toronto,ON, Canada
OlivierAlluin
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC),FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al,andSensoriMotor
Rehabilitation Research Team ofthe Canadian Instituteof Health Research,
Montreal, Quebec,Canada
Lea Awai
Spinal CordInjuryCenter,BalgristUniversity Hospital, Zu€rich,Switzerland
StuartN.Baker
Institute ofNeuroscience, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
DorothyBarthe´lemy
SchoolofRehabilitation,Universite´ deMontre´al,andCentreforInterdisciplinary
ResearchinRehabilitationofGreaterMontreal,Institutdere´adaptationGingras-
Lindsay de Montre´al, SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Teamof the
CanadianInstituteofHealth Research,Montreal, Canada
Fin Biering-Sørensen
Clinics for Spinal Cord Injuries, Rigshospitalet and Glostrup hospital,Hornbæk,
Denmark
€
KathrinBosl
HELIOS Klinik Kipfenberg, Kipfenberg, Germany
David W.Cadotte
DivisionofNeurosurgery,DepartmentofSurgery,FacultyofMedicine,University
ofToronto,and Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Jaehoon Choe
Departments ofIntegrative Biologyand Physiology, and Department of
Neuroscience, University ofCalifornia, LosAngeles, CA,USA
Julien Cohen-Adad
Institute ofBiomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechniquede Montre´al,
SensoriMotor Rehabilitation ResearchTeamofthe Canadian Institute ofHealth
Research, Montreal, QC,Canada
Dale Corbett
Heart &Stroke Foundation CanadianPartnership for Stroke Recovery and
Department ofCellular &Molecular Medicine,University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
Canada
v
vi Contributors
ArminCurt
SpinalCord Injury Center,Balgrist University Hospital,Zu€rich, Switzerland
NumaDancause
De´partement deNeurosciences, and Groupede Recherche surleSyste`me
Nerveux Central(GRSNC), Faculty ofMedicine, SensoriMotor Rehabilitation
ResearchTeamofthe CanadianInstitute ofHealth Research,Universite´ de
Montre´al,Montre´al,QC, Canada
HugoDelivet-Mongrain
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC), Faculty ofMedicine, Universite´ de Montre´al, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
V. Reggie Edgerton
DepartmentsofIntegrativeBiologyandPhysiology;DepartmentofNeurobiology;
Department ofNeurosurgery, and Brain Research Institute,University of
California, Los Angeles, CA,USA
Steve A.Edgley
Department ofPhysiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge
University, Cambridge, UK
ManuelEscalona
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC), Faculty ofMedicine, Universite´ de Montre´al, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
Hamza Farooq
Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory,Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, RyersonUniversity, Toronto,ON, Canada
JamesW. Fawcett
Department ofClinical Neuroscience, John vanGeest Centrefor Brain Repair,
University ofCambridge, Robinson Way, CA, UK
Michael G.Fehlings
DepartmentofGeneticsandDevelopment,TorontoWesternResearchInstitute,
Toronto Western Hospital,University HealthNetwork,Division ofNeurosurgery,
Department ofSurgery, Faculty ofMedicine, Institute ofMedicalSciences,
University ofToronto,Toronto,ON, Canada
Eberhard E.Fetz
Department ofPhysiology and Biophysics, Washington National Primate
ResearchCenter,University ofWashington, Seattle, WA, USA
EdelleC. Field-Fote
Crawford Research Institute,Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
KarenM. Fisher
Institute ofNeuroscience,NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle upon Tyne,UK
Contributors vii
Joyce Fung
SchoolofPhysicaland Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal;
Feil/Oberfeld ResearchCentre,Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval,and
Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research inRehabilitation (CRIR),
SensoriMotor Rehabilitation ResearchTeamofthe Canadian Institute ofHealth
Research, Montreal, Quebec,Canada
Parag Gad
Departments ofIntegrative Biologyand Physiology, University ofCalifornia,
Los Angeles,CA, USA
Helen Genis
Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department ofElectrical and
ComputerEngineering, Ryerson University, Toronto,ON, Canada
Yury Gerasimenko
Departments ofIntegrative Biologyand Physiology, University ofCalifornia,
LosAngeles,CA,USA;PavlovInstituteofPhysiology,St.Petersburg,andInstitute
ofFundamentalMedicineandBiology,KazanFederalUniversity,Kazan,Russia
Mariana Gomez-Smith
FacultyofMedicine,andCanadianPartnershipforStrokeRecovery,Universityof
Ottawa,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
Monica A. Gorassini
Department ofBiomedical Engineering; FacultyofMedicineand Dentistry, and
Neuroscience and MentalHealth Institute, University ofAlberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
Jean-Pierre Gossard
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC),FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al,andSensoriMotor
Rehabilitation Research Team ofthe Canadian Instituteof Health Research,
Montreal, Quebec,Canada
Matthew Jeffers
FacultyofMedicine,andCanadianPartnershipforStrokeRecovery,Universityof
Ottawa,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
Jamil Jivraj
Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department ofElectrical and
ComputerEngineering, Ryerson University, Toronto,ON, Canada
Dorsa Beroukhim Kay
DivisionofBiokinesiologyandPhysicalTherapy,OstrowSchoolofDentistry,and
NeuroscienceGraduateProgram,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,
CA, USA
Mohamad Khazaei
DepartmentofGeneticsandDevelopment,TorontoWesternResearchInstitute,
University HealthNetwork, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
viii Contributors
Aritra Kundu
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC), Faculty ofMedicine, Universite´ de Montre´al, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
AnoukLamontagne
SchoolofPhysical and OccupationalTherapy, McGill University, Montreal;
Feil/Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital,Laval,and
Montreal Centrefor Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR),
SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Teamof theCanadianInstituteofHealth
Research, Montreal,Quebec,Canada
JessicaLivingston-Thomas
FacultyofMedicine,andCanadianPartnershipforStrokeRecovery,Universityof
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Jitka L€udemann-Podubecka´
HELIOSKlinik Kipfenberg, Kipfenberg, Germany
Henrik Lundell
Department ofExercise and Sport Sciences; Department ofNeuroscience and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, and Danish Research
Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging
and Research,Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre,Hvidovre,Denmark
FrancineMalouin
Faculty ofMedicine,Department of Rehabilitation, Universite´ Laval; Centre
interdisciplinaire de recherche en re´adaptation et inte´gration sociale (CIRRIS),
Institutde re´adaptation en de´ficience physiquede Que´bec (IRDPQ), and
SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Teamof theCanadianInstituteofHealth
Research, Quebec,Canada
BabakK. Mansoori
De´partement deBiologie mole´culaire, Biochimie me´dicaleet pathologie,
Universite´ Laval, Que´bec,QC, Canada
MarinaMartinez
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC),FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al,andSensoriMotor
Rehabilitation ResearchTeamofthe CanadianInstitute ofHealthResearch,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
SylvieNadeau
(cid:2)
Ecolede re´adaptation,Universite´ de Montre´al, Centre de recherche
interdisciplinaire en re´adaptation de Montre´alme´tropolitain(CRIR),Institutde
re´adaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montre´al(IRGLM), and SensoriMotor
Rehabilitation ResearchTeamofthe CanadianInstitute ofHealthResearch,
Quebec, Canada
Mandheeraj Singh Nandra
Department ofElectrical Engineering,California Institute ofTechnology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
Contributors ix
CarineNguemeni
FacultyofMedicine,andCanadianPartnershipforStrokeRecovery,Universityof
Ottawa,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
Jens Bo Nielsen
Department ofExercise and Sport Sciences, and Department of Neuroscience
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen, Denmark
Dennis Alexander Nowak
HELIOSKlinikKipfenberg,Kipfenberg,andDepartmentofNeurology,University
Hospital, Philips University, Marburg, Germany
Carol L. Richards
FacultyofMedicine, Department ofRehabilitation,Universite´ Laval;Centre
interdisciplinaire de rechercheen re´adaptationetinte´gration sociale(CIRRIS),
Institut de re´adaptationen de´ficience physique de Que´bec (IRDPQ), and
SensoriMotor Rehabilitation ResearchTeamofthe Canadian Institute ofHealth
Research, Quebec,Canada
Serge Rossignol
DepartmentofNeuroscienceandGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveux
Central(GRSNC),FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al,andSensoriMotor
Rehabilitation Research Team ofthe Canadian Instituteof Health Research,
Montreal, Quebec,Canada
Francois D.Roy
NeuroscienceandMentalHealthInstitute;DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy,and
FacultyofRehabilitationMedicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta,
Canada
Roland R.Roy
DepartmentsofIntegrativeBiologyandPhysiology,andBrainResearchInstitute,
University ofCalifornia,Los Angeles,CA, USA
Samir Sangani
SchoolofPhysicaland Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal;
Feil/Oberfeld ResearchCentre,Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval,and
Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research inRehabilitation (CRIR),
SensoriMotor Rehabilitation ResearchTeamofthe Canadian Institute ofHealth
Research, Montreal, Quebec,Canada
Ahad M. Siddiqui
DepartmentofGeneticsandDevelopment,TorontoWesternResearchInstitute,
University HealthNetwork, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DemetrisS. Soteropoulos
Institute ofNeuroscience, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John D.Steeves
ICORD(InternationalCollaborationOnRepairDiscoveries),BlussonSpinalCord
Centre,Vancouver General Hospital, University ofBritish Columbia(UBC),
Vancouver, BC, Canada
x Contributors
Yu-Chong Tai
Department ofElectrical Engineering,California Institute ofTechnology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
Aiko K.Thompson
Department ofHealth Sciences and Research, College ofHealth Professions,
MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,Charleston,SC,andHelenHayesHospital,
NYS Department ofHealth, WestHaverstraw, NY, USA
BorisTouvykine
De´partement deNeurosciences, PavillonPaul-G-Desmarais, Universite´ de
Montre´al,Montre´al,QC, Canada
Barry Vuong
Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory,Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, RyersonUniversity, Toronto,ON, Canada
MariaWillerslev-Olsen
Department ofExercise and Sport Sciences, and Department ofNeuroscience
and Pharmacology, University ofCopenhagen, Copenhagen,Denmark
Carolee J. Winstein
Division ofBiokinesiology and PhysicalTherapy, Ostrow School ofDentistry;
DepartmentofNeurology,KeckSchoolofMedicine,andNeuroscienceGraduate
Program, University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA,USA
Jonathan R.Wolpaw
National Center for AdaptiveNeurotechnologies, WadsworthCenter,NYS
Department ofHealth,Albany, NY, USA
JaynieF. Yang
FacultyofMedicineandDentistry;DepartmentofSurgery,andNeuroscienceand
MentalHealth Institute,University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada
VictorX.D. Yang
Biophotonics and Bioengineering Laboratory,Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, RyersonUniversity; Physical Science—Brain Sciences
ResearchProgram, SunnybrookResearchInstitute; Division ofNeurosurgery,
SunnybrookHealthSciencesCentre,andDivisionofNeurosurgery,Department
of Surgery, Faculty ofMedicine, University ofToronto,Toronto,ON, Canada
Boubker Zaaimi
Institute ofNeuroscience,NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle upon Tyne,UK
Ephrem T.Zewdie
Department ofBiomedicalEngineering, and Faculty ofMedicine and Dentistry,
University ofAlberta,Edmonton, Alberta,Canada
HuiZhong
Departmentsof IntegrativeBiologyand Physiology, University of California,
LosAngeles, CA, USA
Preface
ThisbookregroupstheproceedingsofaSymposiumheldinMay2014inMontreal
entitled“Rehabilitation:AttheCrossroadsofBasicandClinicalSciences.”Thiswas
the36thmeetingoftheGroupedeRecherchesurleSyste`meNerveuxCentralfunded
by the Fond de la Recherche du Que´bec-Sante´ (FRQ-S) and was jointly organized
with the SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team funded by the Canadian
Institutesfor HealthResearch (CIHR).
TheSymposiumwasdesignedwithtwomajorgoalsinmind.First,wewantedto
bringtogetherbasicandclinicalscientistsinterestedinneurorehabilitation.Transla-
tionalresearchshoulddesignmodelsandconductexperimentsthataddresspressing
clinicalquestions,whileclinicalresearchersandcliniciansintegratenewknowledge
todesignbettertreatmentsandplatforms.Acontinuousdialoguebetweenbasicsci-
entists, clinical researchers, and clinicians is necessary for these objectives to be
reached.Second,wewantedameetingwherescientistsworkingonspinalcordinjury
(SCI) and on stroke could share recent advances in their respective fields and find
commonality.Althoughthesetwofieldsareoftenseparateinclinicalandlaboratory
settings, ourthoughtswerethatthemechanismsofrecoveryfollowingcentralner-
vouslesions,inthespinalcordorinthebrain,followsimilarrulesandthatemerging
treatments likely doaswell. We devoted onedaytoSCI andonedaytostroke re-
covery.Oneachday,wedesignedthesessionstodiscussclinicalimpairments,on-
going clinicaltrials, the investigationofnoveltechniquescurrentlybeingtested in
humans, and finally, potential mechanisms involved in spontaneous recovery and
how they can be best targeted through therapeuticapproaches.
Fromourdiscussions,itwasobviousthatthetreatmentsofbothSCIandstroke
faceimportantclinicalchallenges.Thetranslationoffindingsfromclinicalresearch,
and even more from animal research, to patient care is not a trivial task. Despite
the challenges, we have seen great progress over the years. Perhaps most impor-
tantly, the infrastructures to handle future changesof practice are much improved.
Clinicalresearchhasalsobeenthrivingwiththeimprovementofnoninvasiveimag-
ing techniques and the development of stimulation methods. Both after SCI and
stroke, clinical scientists are developing promising treatments using transcranial
magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, or galvanic
stimulation. Although these are exciting times for neurorehabilitation, many ques-
tionsremain.Ourcurrentunderstandingofprinciplesofplasticityandmechanisms
of postlesion recovery is far from complete. Much of this knowledge can be more
efficiently and precisely obtained with research on animal models, which allow
better control of confounding factors and the use of invasive techniques and serve
toestablishproofsofconcepts.Inthelastdecade,basicscientistshaveincreasingly
directedtheirexperimentstowardprovidingcomplementaryinformationtohuman
studies. In these animal models, potential treatments of the future, such as neural
prostheses, are conceived, developed, and improved. Our guest Plenary Speaker
(Eberhard E. Fetz) introduced concepts of closed-loop brain–computer interface
xix
xx Preface
toproduceactivity-dependentstimulationofthebrain,spinalcord,ormuscles.Such
methodsmayeventuallybeusedastherapeuticaidsinseveralconditionsandenable
us tofurther improve the recovery ofpatientswith SCI andstroke.
Whereas basic and clinical research scientists represented two completely iso-
latedpopulationsjustafewyearsago,ourSymposium,asreflectedinthiscollection
ofcontributionsfromourspeakers,sendstheclearmessagethattranslationisbecom-
ing much more a reality than a vague concept. Our discussions highlighted the
remarkable consistency inthe keyconclusions between basic andclinical research
as well as between the fields of SCI and stroke. Perhaps the strongest take-home
message was thateach individual, either after stroke orSCI,isdifferent. Plasticity
between patients varies with, for example, lesion size and location, initial impair-
ments resulting from the lesion, prelesion lifestyle, and cardiovascular condition
and neuropsychological profiles. In these heterogeneous populations, it is unlikely
thatasingletreatmentwillapplytoall.Instead,todesignbettertherapies,weneed
aclearunderstandingofthebasicmechanismsthroughwhichthesedifferentfactors
affectplasticityandrecovery.Withthisknowledge,perhapssomeday,itwillbepos-
sibletoindividualizethetreatmentofeachpatientbasedonhisorherclinicalprofile
andsurrogatemarkersofpostlesionplasticity.Webelievethiscolossaltaskwillbe
achieved through close collaboration between basic and clinical scientists, some-
thingthat must benurtured through events such as thissymposium.
WewishtoacknowledgeManonDumasandRene´AlbertoftheGRSNCfortheir
dailyimplicationintheorganizationofthismeetingaswellasClaudeGauthierand
TaniaRostanefortheirsupport.Manythanksalsotoreviewerswhotookthetimeto
assessthe abstracts and tocommenton the manuscripts.
Finally, our special thanks to the funding organizations: CIHR, FRQ-S, Rick
Hansen Institute, Wings for Life, Eli Lilly, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental
Health and Addiction of CIHR, the Universite´ de Montre´al, and the Faculty of
Medicine as well as the Quebec Rehabilitation Research Network (REPAR) for
the student posterAwards.
N.Dancause
S. Nadeau
S. Rossignol
