Sensitivity Study of 1986 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures

149 Pages·2010·5.63 MB·English

by  Herbert F. Southgate

RESEARCRH EPORT
KTC-91-15
SENSITIVISTTYU DYO F
198A6A SHTO GUIFDOER
DESIGNO FP AVEMENTS TRUCTURES
by
HerbeFr.tS outhgaPt.eE,.
ChieRfe searEcnhg ineer
KentucTkrya nsportCaetnitoenr
ColleogfEe n gineering
UniversofiK teyn tucky
LexingtKoenn,t uc4k0y5 06-0043
inc ooperawtiitohn
KentucTkrya nsportCaatbiionne t
and
FederHailg hwaAyd ministration
US DepartmoefnT tr ansportation
Thec onteonftt sh irse porretfl etchtev iewosft hea uthwohro i sr esponsfiobtrlh ee
facatnsd a ccuroafct yh ed atpar esenhteerde iTnh.ec ontednotn so tn ecessarily
refletchteo ffivciieawlos rp olicoifte hseU niversoifKt eyn tucokfyt ,h eK entucky
TransportCaatbiionnoe rto ,ft heF ederHailg hwaAyd ministraThtiisro enp.o drote s
notc onstiat suttaen dasrpde,c ificoarrt eigounl,a tTihoein n.c lusoifmo ann ufacturer
nameasn dt radnea measr ef oird entificatioann dap ruenr optto sobe ecs o nsidaesr ed
endorsements.
Novemb1e9r9 1
TechniRceaplo Droctu mentatPiaogne
1R. epNoor.t 2.G overnmAecncte ssNioo.n 3.R ecipieCnatt'aslN oog.
KTC-91-15
4.T italnedS ubtitle 5.R epoDratt e
Novemb1e9r9 1
SENSITIVSITTUYD YO F1 98M6S HTO
GUIDE FOR DOEFSP IAGVNE MENSTT RUCTUERS 6.P eriormiOnrgga nizCaotdieo n
7.Au thor(s)
8.P erforOmrignagn izRaetpiooNrnot . 6
KTC-91-15
HerbeF.rS to uthgate
9.Pe rforOmrignagn izaNtamieo n aAnddd ress 10W.o rkU nRN o.( TRAIS)
KENTUCKTYR ANSPORTATCIEONNT ER
COLLEGOEF E NGINEERING 11C.o ntroarcG tr anNto .
KYHPR-88-125
UNIVERSOIFTK YE NTUCKY
LEXINGTOKNY, 4 0506-0043
13T.y poef R epoarntd P eriCoodv ered
Final
12S.p onsorAignegn cNya mea ndA ddress
KentuTcrkayn sporCtaabtiinoent
StatOef fiBcuei lding
14S.p onsorAignegn cCyo de
FrankfKoYr 4t0,6 22
15S.u pplemenNtoatrye s
StuTdiyt Plaev:e mDeesnitg Pna rame(tfeKorersn tuCcoknyd itPiroenpsa)ir;nce odo perwaittFiheo dne Hriaglh wAadym inistration
16A.b stract
As ensisttiuovdf1iy 4it tye amdsd tetod h 1e9 8AA6S HTGOu ifdoDere soiPgfan v emSetnrtu citnudriec(sa1v t)a erdi:ia pnte irocnresen ltiw aebrmieol siitnt flyu ential
ont hdee sEiAgLfn ot rhs ea mpea vemsetnrtuw chti(ul2rve)ea riiasntt iaonnddsea vridah tamidio nnism al( 3Re)ef sfeicmltoisde.fun olbtria saens du bbmaastee rials
arvee dreyp enudpeosnntt r setsa(sto beru sltkr e(s4As)m ) e.t hwoadds e veltooqp ueadnt theieffi f oefdc rta icnaapgaeb fiovlrai rtiisoeouasis lni sdte sf fuepcotn
reduicnst tirouncc oteufrfiafcloib rea nsatens sd u bbmaastee r(i5La)ilt se.rr eatvruierevewe 1a3rl eelda titoodn esfshioinsipetls i ffTnh1ee9s 8sG6.u ihdaets w o
equatfiosorun bsg rreasdieml oideutnlhtuya sit er ledsd uilftfsbe yfr aicnotgf2o t ro1s 0 C.a utiitnoh nue sicera nbneoo tv er emp(h6Aa)m s eitzhteoaoddc . c ofuonrt
envirocnhmaennigtsneau slb gradei ismn actlieutnrdh i1eea9d l8G s6u i(d6eT.)e mpereaftfuueprcoeatn ss p haltisct icfofnnncoeitrsn esct leaSu redene sdis.tt iuvdiiteys
showtehtdae tm peerfaftoeuncpr taesv emsetnitfa fnnvdea srsi iaSntti rounNcsut mubrfeaaolrrv ershadowis nu vbagrsritaaidtfei(f o7nTn)ehs ase ms o. uonfmt a terial
pumpferduo mn dreirpg aivde maepnptetsabo r easf uncottfi hnoeun m boeafrx lpeass soivnteghrs e p roatt thhetarhnn e u mboegfrr ooufap xsl (e8sK).e ntauncdk y
AASHTlOo eaqdu ivawleernec iceosm tphasera emsdet rfoeotfarr m u tcrka fFfiact.id gauftera o tmhAA eS HOR oaTde wste rues etdoc omptahrKeee ntauncdk y
AASHTtOh icknesfsot rhd ee sssioagsimntlesi f(fn9Te)hsi esn .c loumfse icohna pnriisnticinpic ap vleemsde enswti agesnv aluaandtdie sdc u(s01s)A ev da.lo ufe
3.i1rs e commfeontrdhl eeod ta rda ncsofeeffircJ i,be enctat,ur suetc rkawsvi ettlhh e ir taittrh epesa vleomceanttej-dos ihnotKu.el ndte(eur1mc 1pk)ly mo oysostf the
recommreenhdaebdip lriotcaetodrhiu aormsneo srs,eo phisptrioccaeftdoeturdhr oenssobe te ing Isnuo smeceda .s eecso,n ohmairscu slo euodtn oemr,o roetf, h ese
proce{d1uK2re)en st.tu hcikcydk ensemisegstn h iondcsll ouvwdo el rumoea( d1sL3.i) cf yecc loesa tnpsda vemmeannta gewmeernneoit tn cliutndh seitdsu b deyc ause
thaeryse u bjoefic ntdsi svtiuddcuiuaerlsr i epnnr tolgyr ess.
17K.e yW ords 18D.i stribSuttaitoenm ent
PavemDeensti Wgonr,Ck o ncepts LoaTdr ansfer
PortlCaenmde nCto ncrete Coefficient
Limiwtietdah p proovfa l
ThicknDeesssi gSnesrvic,e ailbity Environment
KentuTcrkayn sporCtaabtiinoent
ResilMioednutlS uosiS,lu ppVoarltu e
AASHTGOu idLeo,aE dq uivalency Factors
19S.e curity (Coltfah sirsseif p.o ri) 20.S ecurCiltays s(iotffh. i psa ge) 21N.o .o fP ages 22.P rice
Unclassified Unclassified 150
FormD OT1 700(.87- 72) Reproductoifco onm pleptaegdae u thorized

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The oJ:Uective oft hirse seaerfcfho wratst oe valutahte1e 9 8AA6S HTO Guidfeo r
DesigonfP avemeSnttr uctufroerKse ntucckoyn ditiTohnisrs.e searfcohc usoend
flexipbalvee mednets isginn cae c ompanisotnu drye lattionr gi gpiadv emenatlsr eady
waso ngoinTgh.ec ompanisotnu dhya sb eecno mpleatneddi s d ocumenbtyeR de search
RepoUrKtT RP-88-"1C4o,m pariosfRo ing iPda vemeTnhti cknDeesssi gSny stems."
As
thet itilmep litehser, e seairncvho lsveends itainvailty ysoefts h ev ariofuasc toarnsd
inpupta rametoeftr hse1 9 8AA6S HTO Guidaen dt herierl attioKo enn tucckoyn ditions.
Thes ensitainvailtyyis nevso ldveetda icloemdp ariosfto hn1es9 8AA6S HTO Guide
witKhe ntucpkryo cedurTehse1. 9 8AA6S HTO Guidied entiffoiuerdt meaejno nre w
considerarteiloanttsiot n hges tructduersailog fnp avemenTthse.s ceo nsideraartei ons
(1R)e liabi(l2iR)tye ,s iliMeondtu lfuosSr o iSlu ppo(r3tR),e siliMeondtu loufsF lexible
PavemeLnaty ecro effici(e4nd)tr sa,i na(g5ie)m, p roveendv ironmceonntsaild era(t6i)o ns,
tiecdo ncrsehtoeu ldaenrds/ woird enleadn e(s7,s) u bbaesreo sifoornri gid pave(m8e)n ts,
lifcey clceo st ana(l9yp)sa evse,m erneth abilit(a1t0i)o np,a vement ma(n1a1g)e ment,
extensoiflo ona edq uivaldeantca(y,1 2i)m proved tra(ff1i3cd) e dsaiotgfanp , a vements
for vloolwu mreo adasn,d ( 14s)t atoeft hek nowledognme e chaniesmtpiicr idceasli gn
concepts.
Oft hesiet emtsh,eu seo ft iecdo ncrsehtoeu ldaenrdts h ei ssoufes ubbaesreo sion
forri gpiadv emenwtesr aed dresisneg dr eatdeert aiintl h ec ompaniroenp o"rUtK TRP
88-14T.h"eu seo ft iecdo ncrsehtoeu ldaelrrse aidsay r outipnrea ctfiocarel hli gtyhp e
concrete pacvoenmsetnrtu cTthieo ni.so sfsu ueb baesreo siiosnn o td irecatdldyr essed
in current dKeesnitgufncorskri y g piadv emenHtosw.e vetrh,eu seo fm odifrioeadd beds
andc ontineumepdh asoinsp avemesnutb drainiangdei rercetdluyc tehse p otential
detrimeenftfaeloc fts su bbaesreo sioonnt hep erformaonfrc ieg ipda vementTsh.e
additoifoi nt emisn ttoh eAA SHTO "desiegqnu atihoansb" e tteenra bloeudrp avement
desisgtna tfofe valutahteep otential obfte hneesfpeia tvse mednets ifgena tures.
Thei ssuoefsp avememnatn agemeanntd l ifcey clceo satn alysaerseb eing
addresbsyeo dt herre searecfhf orRtess.e arscthu dKyY HPR8 5-106 culmiinn ated
ResearRcehp oKrTtC 9 0-A4 ,R evieawn dAn alysoifsP avement ManaPgreamcetnitc es
inK entuckTyh.i"ss t udsyu mmariazneddd ocumenctuerdr epnatv ememnatn agement
practiicnKe esn tuckRye.s earScthu dKyY HPR8 8-11"8L,i Cfyec lCeo stionfPg a vement
Systemcsu"r renitsol nyg oing.
The1 98AA6S HTO Guidree ferenacneded n dorstehdec ontinueivnogl utoifo n
mechanidsetsiicpg rno cedurpeasv efmoern Ktesn.t uctkhyi ckndeesssip grno cedufroer s
flexipbalvee menatrseb aseodn a mechanismotdiecul s inegl astliacy ecro ncepts.
Kentuchkaysb eeinn volivnet dhde e velopamnednr te finemoefmn etc hanipsatviecm ent
desipgrno cedusrienstc hee1 960'As m.e chanidsetsiicpg rno cedwuarsde e veloipnte hde
1970's but wasa nedvr aelfuianfteoedrsd e veryaela rusn til rtehfei nemoeftn hti s
procedwuarse deveilno1 p9e8bd7u ts tiilsbl e incgo rrelwaittehd obspeerrvfeodr mance.
Kentuciksuy n iqiunet hawte h avbee einn volivnet dh em echaidsetsiicag rne fao mra ny
years iasdn edd icattoce odn tintuhiend ge velopmaenndrt e finemoeftn htem echanistic
desicgonn cefpotpr a vements.
Thisst uddye monstrtahtese idg nifeifcfaenoctft t sh es eleclteevdoe flr eliability
(adse finientd h e1 98AA6S HTO Guidoen)t hre equipraevde metnhti cknVeasrsi.a tions
ofo verasltla ndadredv iatdiiodnn o ta ppeatroh avea ss ignificeafnfteo cnto verall
pavemetnhti ckneSsisn.ct eh eK entucpkyr oceduwreersed eveloopnet dh e basai s of
model, incorporate reliabainldiove rtya ll standard
mechanistic iti sd ifficulttod irectly
deviatTihoens .e nsitainvailtyyfs reostm h irse seahracvhce o nfirtmheatdth re eliability
oft heK entucpkryo cediusvr aer iabIlnef.o rmaptrieosne nitnte hdre e poirntd icatthees
reliaboiflt ihtyeK entucpkryo cedvuarrei ferso amb ou8t0 p ercefnotlr o wf atigluief e
desigtno9s 9 p ercefnothr i ghfeart igluiefd ee signs.
Them ositn fluefnatcitaoalrf sf ecptaivnegm etnhti cknreesqsu iremaernett hse
strengotrsh t iffonefts hses ubgrasdoeif lo llobwyet dh el eveolfE quivalSeinntg le
Axlelo(aEdSsA L'Tsh)es. t udy intchleru edseusol fta sl iterasteuarreac nhd d ocuments
a number reolfa tionbsehtiwpeste hne s oislu pposrcta le, California Bearing Ratio,
resilmioednutl uosft hes ubgramdoed,u lousfs ubgrade reaancdot tihoemnre, a nosf
charactetrhiezs itnrge nogftt hh es ubgrasdoei Tlh.e v ariatiinot nhse sree lationships
demonstrtahtece o mplexoiftyc ompariinngp upta rametfeorrsp avemednets ign
procedurIetws a.s u ltimatdeeltye rmitnheadtt h er elatiounssehidin pK entuctkoy
estimartees ilmioednutl uEs, 1500x CBR probabilsay s g ooads a nyw ithtihne
=
workirnagn goefK entucskoyi ls.
The1 98AA6S HTO Guidceo ntains atnadfb ilgeusdr eessc ritbhiern egl ationship
betwereens ilmioednutl aunsd f lexilbalyeec ro efficifeonurts sei nt he1 98AA6S HTO
pavemednets igprno ceduvreerss uKse ntucpkryo cedurTehse.sc eo mpariswoenrse
develoopnet dh eb asoifsa ssumleady ceore ffici(e0n.t4s0 -f0o.br4i 4t uminmoautse rials,
0.1f4o arg gregmaattee riaanldsi )n dicraetaes onacbolmep arisoRness.e arScthu dy
KYHPR8 6-115, "LaabnodrFa iteolErdvy a luatainodnC so rrelatoifPo rnosp erotfi es
PavemeCnotm ponenctusr"r enitsol nyg oianngd i nvoldveetsa itleesdt inrge soifl ient
moduloufsp avemecnotm ponenTthsi.ss t udiysa nticiptaort eesdu ilntm orer efined
datfao urs ei nb otthh eK entucaknydAA SHTO procedures.
The1 986AA SHTO Guidien cludae pdr ocedfuorrae d justtihnesg t rengotfh
subgrasdoeia lssa f unctoifso ena sopnearlf ormaTnhciers.e latiownasshv iepr ifainedd
isg eneraclolnys iswtietnohtb servaitniK oennst ucAknyA .n alywsaissc onducotnet dh e
seasodnaaill vya riatiinos ntsr enogftb hi tuminloauyse rs beocfta eumspee rataunrd e
moistfulreu ctuatTihoinss .to yfap nea lyissi sna odtd resisnte hde 1986 AASHTO Guide
buti sn oteworftrhoym the perosfpf eucttuirrveee s earcGhe.n eraliltyw ,a s
demonstrattheadtt het emperateufrfee cotns b ituminpoauvse menmtasy bea s
influeanstt ihaeel f feocfts se asoonns ubgrasdter engStihn.ct eh eAA SHTO procedure
ise mpiricalb asaenoddn r esulotfts h eAA SHTO RoadT estd,i fferentoifta hteisoen
effeicsdt isff icuTlhter. e suolftt sh iasn alywsiilbsle nefit padveesmiesgntnta t fhfr ough
ani mprovuendd erstanodfpi anvge mepnetr formbauntwc iet nho d ireicmtp lementation
off indings.
Kentuchkaysi mplemented pavementf oshrui bgtdhyr pafeil neaxgiaebn ldre i gid
pavements (tghrae2na5 t0e,r0 d0e0s iEgSnA L'pse ry earT)h.e b enefoiftp sa vement
subdrainiantg eer mosf e xtendpeadv emepnetr formasntciaelr le b einegv aluated.
ResearScthu diKeYsH PR9 2-14"2E,v aluatthiDene gs iagnnd E ffectivoefSn uebsssu rface
DrainaLgaey ers" and 9K2Y-H1P4"R3E ,v aluaotfiP oanv emeEndtg edraainndst he
EffeocntP avemePnetr formaanrceie n"t entdoefd o cuosnq uantiftyhiepn egr formance
benefoifpt asv ement subdPrraeilniamgiein.na vreys tigraetpioornbtsyeo dt heirnsd icate
thatth ep ermeabbalsee msa ye xtepnadv emelnitbf yea sm ucha s3 0p ercefnoftrl exible
ii
pavemenatnsd5 0p ercefnotrr i gpiadv ements.
Pavemerneth abiliitantvioolnavn eusm beorfa ctiviTthie1e 9s8.A6 A SHTOG uide
manyfa ctors the rehabilitation ofp avements. Itw asg enerally
identifies related to
conclutdheadKt e ntucpkryo cedures addressed ltihseti entpd ha erA aAmSeHtTeOr s
Guidien s omec apaciHtoyw.e vetrh,es pecioffip casv emerneth abilisttartaitoeng ies
mustv ary accotrocd oinndgi twiiotnhsai gni vesnt ate.
Equival1e8n,t0 00-psoiunngdal xel eloaardeas meanso fs tandardtihzei ng
distriboufta ixolne lowaidtsh ai tnr affsitcr eaimn tao s ingqluea ntwihtiyc dhe scribes
thel oadasn ticiptaobt eea dp pliteotd h apta vemenLto.a de quivalfeancctyao rrest he
mechaniussme tdo c onvetrhter elatdiavmea gteot hep avemefnotar n y gilvoeand ing
tos omeq uantioftd ya magaes sociwaitteahd s tanda1r8d, 000-psoiunngdal xel eload.
Loaed quivalfeancctyuo sresid n K entucwkeyr dee veloopnet dh eb asiosfm echanistic
procedurevsa ryas nodm ewhwaitt AhA SHTOl oaedq uivalenTchie1e 9s8.A6 A SHTO
Guiddeo eisn clumdoed ificattoic oonmsp ultoea edq uivalfeancctyof rostrr ideamx le
loadinKgesn.t uclkoya edq uivalfeancctyao lrrse aidnyc lumdueldt iapxllege r oupings.
Thisst udy incalnuadleydws heisc dhe monstrtahtateth eK entucmkeyc hanidsetsiicg n
criteirnicoon rportahteme asj oroiftye xperieonbcsee rvaettd h eA ASHTOR oadT est.
Howevetrh,e saen alydsoen so tc ompletdeelfyi ne relabteitownesKehenin ptsu clkoya d
equivalfeancctyao nrdsA ASHTOl oaedq uivalfeancctyo rs. Research 9S2t-udy KYHPR
141",F orecasatnidBn agc kcastEiqnugi valAexnlte lofaodrPs a vemeDnets igann d
Performahnacsbe e"e inn ititaotf eudr thdeerfi nree lationbsehtiwpesAe AnS HTOa nd
Kentuclkoya edq uivalfeancctyo rst haeen fdf oornpt a vemednets irgenq uirements.
The1 98A6A SHTOG uidien cluads eedc tiroenl attiopn agv emednets ifgonlr o w
volumreo adTsh.e K entucpkryo cediusar pep licfaobdrle es iogfnp avemenftoasrs l ow
7,30E0S AL'sT.h iiss a pproximaotneeEl SyA Lp erd ayf oar 2 0-yepaerr ioTdh.e
as
1986A ASHTOG uidree fetrosl owv olumreo adass t hoswei tEhS AL'osf7 00,0t0o0
1,000,o0v0e0trh ed esilginf Teh.e refKoernet,u cky padveesmiepgnrnto cedudrone ost
requisrpee ciafdiacp tatfioourns seo nl owv olumreo adsT.h eA ASHTO procfeodru re
thickndeesssi ognfa ggregsautref arcoeadd msa yh aves omel imitaepdp licaitni ons
KentuckTyh.e p rocedures pirnet shee1n 9t8e6dA ASHTOG uiddeo p rovide an
alternamteiavnoesf v erifdyeisnigrg enq uiremfeonrt svl oolwu mreo adasn da lspor ovide
am eanfso dre signfionrrge ducleedv eolfss e rviceaabnidrl eiltiya biTlhietscyeo. n cepts
alreahdayv eb eeni mplemenbtyet dh ep avemednets igsnt affofr d esigonfd etour
pavements, sphaovuelmdeenurts set do c arrcyo nstructioann dot trhaefprfai vce,m ents
wherae r educleedv oefls erviocrre e liabmialyib teay c commodated.
Appendifcoetrsh irse poirntc lutdheer esulotfms a nyc ompariosfopn asv ement
desigfnosKr e ntucky provceerdsu1ur9se8 sA6 ASHTOp rocedufroears w idrea ngoef
desigcno nditiTohness.ce o mpariswoinlbsle u seffuolrp avemednets ign isnt aff
evaluatainndqg u antiftyhiern egl atpiavvee mesnttr atefgoiiren sd ivipdruoajle cts.
Inc onclustihoern e,p oirltl usttrhaest eenss itoifvt ihtyve ariopuasv emednets ign
parameteIrmsp.l ementaotfti hoefn i ndianngdsr esulotfts h isst udwyi lble o na n
indirbeacstea ssd iscussed.
iii
TABLEO FC ONTENTS
Pae
ExecutSiuvmem ary i
TabloefC ontents iv
LisotfF igures VI
LisotfT ables viii
Introduction 1
ReliabainldiS ttya ndaDredv iation 1
ResiliMeondtu lfusoS ro iSlu pport 1
ResiliMeondtu lfusoF rl exiPbalvee meLnaty eCro efficients2
AsphalCtoincc rete 2
BasMea terial 2
SubbaMsaet erial 3
Drainage 3
ImprovEendv irontmaeClno nsiderations 4
SubbaEsreo sifoonRr i giPda vements 5
Life-CCyocslCteo nsiderations 5
PavemeMnatn agement 5
ExtensoifoL no adEq uivalVeanlcuye s 5
ImprovTerda fDfaitca 9
DesigonfP avemenftosLr o wV olumReo ads 9
Statoeft heK nowledognMe e chanistic-Empirical
DesigCno ncepts 9
TieCdo ncreStheo uldoerrW si deneLda nes 11
Rehabilitation 12
CompariosfoP na vemeTnhti cknDeesssi gns 14
iv
Summary 15
Recommendations 17
LisotfR eferences 19
AppendAi x 67
AppendBi x 83
AppendCi x 95
AppendDi x 103
AppendEi x 111
v
LISTO F FIGURES
Figure Relationsbheitpw eSetna ndaNrodr maDle viaZtrea..n dR eliability.
1
Figu2r.e Relationbsehtiwpe 1e8n- kEiApL andS tructuNruamlb efro rV arious
ValueosfP erceRnetl iability.
Figu3r.e RelationbsehtiwpeP eenr cent ReliabiliotfyD easnidEg AnL Pa etr5 c0e nt
PerceRnetl iabaisla i Ftuyn ctioofSn t andard Deviation.
Figu4r.e Relationbsehtiwpe en KenCtBuRc,Ek lya stMiocd uluasn,d R esilient
Modulus.
Figu5r.e Relationbsehtiwpe eSno iSlu pporVta lueR,- ValuCeB,R s,S ubgrade
Resilient Modulutsob oAtcKhce onrtduicankngyd A ASHTOa,n dk -value
Usedi nR igiPda vemeTnhti cknDeesssi gns.
Figu6r.e Relationbsehtiwpe eEnl astMiocd ulufso rA sphalCtoincc reatned
StructCuoreaflf icai1e•n t
Figu7r.e Relationbsehtiwpe eEnl astMiocd ulufso rA sphalCtoincc reatned
StructCuoreaflf icai2e•n t
Figu8r.e RelationbsehtiwpeS etnr eSstsa taen dE last(iRce silMioednutl)uf soK r1
BasMea terial.
Figu9r.e RelationbsehtiwpeP eenr ceWnatt earn dK 1f oBra sMea terials.
Figu1r0e. Relationbsehtiwpe eEnl astMiocd ulufso rA sphalCtoincc reatned
StructCuoreaffli ciae3n•t
Figu1r1e. RelationbsehtiwpeS etnr eSstsa taen dE lastic (RMeosdiullifueosnKr t1 )
foSru bbaMsaet erial.
Figure 1R2e.l ationbsehtiwpe Teinm et oR emovWea tefrr oBma seM ateriaanlds
Coefficmi1fe onFrtl exible Pavements.
Figu1r3e. Relationship bettwoRe eemno vTWeia mteef rr oBma seM aterials and
DrainaCgoee fficicedfn otRr,i gid Pavements.
Figu1r4e. TotaDle sigTnh ickniensI sn cheEsx pressaesSd t ructuNruamlb efro r
PavemenWthso seT hicknoefsA ss phalCtoincc reits3e 3 P erceonftt he
TotaTlh ickness.
Figu1r5e. 1981K entucFklye xibPlaev emenTth ickneDsess igCnu rveWsh ose
ThicknoefsA ssp halCtoincc reits3e 3P erceonftt h eT otal
Thickness.
Figu1r6e. KentucDkeys iTghni ckne(sFsiegsu1 r5eC) o nverttoSe tdr uctNuurmable r.
Figu1r7e. Figu1r6eU setdo I llusttrhaeLt oes osf D esiEgAnL W hent heV aluoefm 2
Changferso 1m. t0o 0 .7.
Figu1r8e. TheC hangien D esigEnA Lf oar SN 5.0D uet oR elative Cihna nge
=
SubgraSdtei ffansea s Fsu nctioofCn a lendMaorn th.
Figu1r9e. ModulousfE lastiocfAi styp halCtoincc reatsae F unctioofn
AveraPgaev emeTnetm perat°uFr.e ,
Figu2r0e. CharttoE stimaTteem peratautDr eep thisnA sphalCtoincc reatt1e 3 00
HourSst andaTridm e.
Figu2r1e. EnvironmeEnftfaelc utpso nP avemenTte mperatuSrtei,f fnaensds ,
Coefficiae1Vn etr suCsa lendMaorn th.
Figu2r2e. VariatiinCo one fficia1eD nutet oP avemeTnetm perataunrdCe o efficient
Duet oC hangienS ubgraSdtei ffnasea s Fsu nctioofCn a lendMaorn th.
az
VI
Figu2r3e. EffecotfsE nvironmeCnotnadli tiuopnosnP avemenStt ructuirfae 1s
RemainCso nstaanntd,f oVra riatiionbn ost ah1 a nda 2as Functioofn
CalendMaorn th.
Figu2r4e. PumpinIgn defxo bro tLha ne1 a ndL ane2 ofA ASHOR oadT es(tT able
II
ofR efere1n)c.e
Figu2r5e. FatigDuaet Far omA ASHOR oadT esfto Pr, 3.(5A ppenAd,i x
=
Refere1n)wc iet Khe ntucaknydA ASHTO DesCiugrnv eSsu perimposed.
Figu2r6e. FatigDuaet Far omA ASHOR oadT esfto Pr1 3.(0A ppenAd,iR xe ference
=
1)w itKhe ntucaknydA ASHTOD esigCnu rveSsu perimposed.
Figu2r7e. FatigDuaet Far omA ASHOR oadT esfto Pr, 2.(5A ppenAd,iR xe ference
=
1)w itKhe ntucaknydA ASHTOD esigCnu rveSsu perimposed.
Figu2r8e. FatigDuaet Far omA ASHOR oadT esfto Pr, 2.(0A ppenAd,i x
=
Refere1n)wc iet Khe ntucaknydA ASHTOD esigCnu rveSsu perimposed.
Figu2r9e. FatigDuaet Far omA ASHOR oadT esfto Pr, 1.5( AppenAd,i x
=
Refere1n)wc iet h KentauncdAk AyS HTOD esigCnu rveSsu perimposed.
Figu3r0e. AASHTOF atigEuqeu atiSoonl vfeodFr i vLee veolfsS erviceability.
Figu3r1e. AASHOR oadT esDta taf roSme ctioofnF si gur2e5s- 2t9oI llustrate
thatt heK entucDkeys igCnu rveC onfortmosa VariabLleev eolf
Serviceability.
Figu3r2e. ComparisoofKn esn tucaknydA ASHTOL oadE quivalReenlcayt ionships
foSrt eerainndgF our-TiSriendgA lxel es.
Figu3r3e. ComparisoofKn esn tucaknydA ASHTOL oadE quivalReenlcayt ionships
foTra ndeamn dT rideAmx lGer oups.
Figu3r4e. CompariosfBo unl Skt ratioBn u lSkt refsosVr a rioCuosm binatoifBo ansse
andS ubgraMdoed uli.
Figu3r5e. ComparisoofnS traiEnn ergyD ensittyoB ulkS tresfso rV arious
CombinatoifBo anssae n dS ubgrade Moduli.
Figu3r6e. CompariosfoM no dular RaBtuiloSk t troef sosVr a rious
CombinatoifoB nassae n dS ubgraMdoed uli.
Figu3r7e. CompariosfoW no rkS tretsosB ulkS trefsosVr a rioCuosm binatoifo ns
Base aSnudb graMdoed uli.
Figu3r8e. CompariosfoW no rkS trationW orkS trefsosVr a rioCuosm binatoifo ns
Basea ndS ubgraMdoed uli.
Figu3r9e. Relationbsehtiwpe Peenr ceRnetl iabiTleirtmyi,nS aelr viceabainldJ i ty,
FactfoorTr i eSdh ouldfeor9r " J ointPeCdC .
Figu4r0e. RelationbsehtiwpeP eenr ceRnetl iabiTleirtym,i nSaelr viceaabnidlJ i ty,
FactfoorTr i eSdh ouldfeor1r0 "J ointPeCdC .
Figu4r1e. Relationbsehtiwpe Peenr ceRnetl iabiTleirtym,i nSaelr viceabainldJi ty,
FactfoorTr i eSdh ouldfeor1r 1 "J ointPeCdC .
Figu4r2e. Relationbsehtiwpe Peenr ceRnetl iabiTleirtym,i nSaelr viceaabinldJi ty,
FactfoorTr i eSdh ouldfeor1r 2 "J ointPeCdC .
Figu4r3e. Relationsbheitpw eePne rcenRte liabilAivteyr,a goef Terminal
ServiceaVbailluifetyos Jr F actofrosTr i eSdh ouldfeor9rs- 1,0 -1,1 -a,n d
12-inJcohi ntPeCdC .
vii