Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration

232 Pages·2014·115.47 MB·English

by  Enwenode Onajite (Auth.)

SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES IN HYDROCARBON
EXPLORATION
SEISMIC DATA
ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES IN
HYDROCARBON
EXPLORATION
E O
NWENODE NAJITE
ResearchGeophysicist,
GraduateGeoscientistsTrainingConsultant,
Email:[email protected]
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ISBN978-0-12-420023-4
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Acknowledgements
Ifyouwanttowriteapracticalhandbook Emo Dayetuawei, Nigeria Association of
onseismicdatathatwouldbereadbytensof Petroleum Explorationists, Port Harcourt
thousandsorhopefullymillionsofgeoscien- Branch
tists worldwide, it will definitely take an Emudianughe Juliet, a Geophysicist at
entire team to achieve sucha fit. Federal University of Petroleum Resources
Theinsightandclarityofthoughtgained, Effurun(FUPRE)
whichenabledmetowriteandbuildthecon- IkechukwuNjoku,Geologists
tents of this industry-oriented book, are not Prahlad Basak, Seismic Petrophysicist,
just through my effort and knowledge but SPDC
also through the wealth of experience and Preye Iditumi, Geologist, SPDC
talents of highly skilled industry profes- Ukeko Onoriode, Petrophysicist, SPDC
sionalsandresourcesofmanyorganizations Omodu Meshach,SPDC
and institutions. Prince Nwogbo, Geophysicist, SPDC
Myheartfeltgratitude goestothefollow- Khalid Amin Khan and GulraizAkhter
ing industry professionals who personally Special thanks to my friends, Ibikunle
guidemewiththeirexperiencesandknowl- Taylor and Joseph Uhrie, for theirsupport.
edge: Dr. Rocco Detomo (Shell E&P, Texas, With deep love and heart full of thanks
USA), Dr. James Edet (Total E&P, Nigeria) to my uncle, Samuel Enwenede, cousin,
and Dr. Omu Ugborugbo (Shell E&P, Nige- AkpoyiboOvie,and Popo Enwenede.
ria).Also,mysincereappreciationisextend- My appreciation goes to the following
ing to the following individuals for their companies, professional bodies and institu-
support and generouscontributions: tions for their materials, data, illustrations
Alistar R. Brown, Bernard Eromosele, and photographs. I was privileged to study
Schlumberger Nigeria and usefor thisresearch
Dr. Adabanija Tunde, a Geologist at
OlabisiOlabajo University (cid:129) AAPG
Dr.DorothySatterfield,Geography,Earth (cid:129) arCIS SEISMIC SOLUTION
and Environmental Sciences, University of (cid:129) British Petroleum
Derby (FEHS) (cid:129) Choice Geophysical
Dr.EtimD.Uko,aGeophysicistatRivers (cid:129) CGGVERITAS
State University of Science and Technology, (cid:129) CSEG
Port Harcourt,Nigeria (cid:129) Earthquake.usgs.gov
Dr. Martin J. Whiteley, Barrisdale Lmt. (cid:129) ExxonMobilInternational
Dr. Obiadi Izuchukwu Ignatius, a (cid:129) FairfieldNodal
Geologist at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, (cid:129) FUGRO
Awka, Nigeria (cid:129) GeoApexTec Inc.
ix
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
(cid:129) Geo-Energy Services (cid:129) UniversidadeFernando Pessoa,
(cid:129) GeophysicalData System Porto,Portugal
(cid:129) Geotrace (cid:129) WesternGeCo
(cid:129) Halliburton (cid:129) WorldOil Online Magazine
(cid:129) Institute of Petroleum Geosciences
Studies,University of Port With special thanks to the below for their
Harcourt, Nigeria helpineditingandreviewingthemanuscript:
(cid:129) InternationalHuman Resource
Prof.John O. Etu-Efeotor
DevelopmentCorporation
Director, Centrefor PetroleumGeosciences
(cid:129) Journal of the Geophysics Society
Institute of Petroleum Studies
(cid:129) KansasGeophysical Survey
University of PortHarcourt
(cid:129) Land Ocean EnergyServices Co., Ltd.
Rivers State, Nigeria
(cid:129) Nigeria Associationof Petroleum
Explorationists(NAPE) Dr. James Edet
(cid:129) Oil &Gas Journal Exploration Geoscientist
(cid:129) Paradigm Total E&P Nigeria limited
(cid:129) Petroleum Seismology Network
(cid:129) PGS Geophysical Dr. RoccoDetomo Jr
(cid:129) Pemex-SeaBed Geophysical Reservoir Geophysicist
(cid:129) Quality Seismic Services Shell International Exploration and Produc-
(cid:129) ReservoirGeophysicsandGeophysics tion Inc.
Group, LinKedIn Houston, Texas
(cid:129) Seismic Atlas of the Southeast Asian
Dr. OmuUgborugbo
Basin
Geophysicist
(cid:129) Seismic Processing Network,LinKedIn
Shell Petroleum Development Company of
(cid:129) Schlumberger
Nigeria Limited
(cid:129) Shell International
(cid:129) Society ofExploration Above all, I thank God, my Lord and
Geophysicists (SEG) savior Jesus Christ and the sweet Holy
(cid:129) The Oil and Gas Exploration Spirit for granting me the wisdom, grace
Network, LinKedIn and intelligence, all through this book
(cid:129) Oil and Gas UK research.
Foreword
Fromtheprimitiveforkedwoodsearchby and gas exploration. The organization of
blindfoldednativestothemoderngeophys- the chapters is sequential. Part 1 deals with
ical and geological methods, the art of basic geology and seismic data acquisition
searchingforhydrocarbonshascomealong in a simplified way. Part 2 discusses the
way.Thisbook‘SeismicDataAnalysisTech- detailed practical steps use in processing
niquesinHydrocarbonExploration’isasyn- seismic data, while the final part deals
thesis of concepts used in the industry to with seismic data interpretation. This book,
analyseseismicdata.Itisquiteauniquebook therefore, guides the reader from the rudi-
on seismic data analysisbecause it ishighly mentary to the expert stages of seismic
practical and focuses on the industry. It is data analysis techniques in hydrocarbon
an extensive industry research on seismic exploration. This book is easy to read and
data by a young geophysicist who has been understood by all classes of hydrocarbon
exposedtopracticesintheoilandgasindus- searchers.
try. This book explains key concepts and I strongly recommend it to all lovers
principles in a simplified way that would of geosciences.
enhancetheunderstandingofgraduategeo-
scientistsandpractitioners.Mostoftheinfor-
mation contained in this book are what a
graduate geoscientist requires to work suc- ProfessorJohn O.Etu-Efeotor
cessfullyin the oilandgas industry. Director,Centre for PetroleumGeosciences
I am pleased to recommend this well- Instituteof PetroleumStudies
researchedbooktoallgraduategeoscientists, University of Port Harcourt,RiversState,
teachers and practitioners in the field of oil Nigeria
xi
Introduction
Seismic data have become an important The practical handbook is divided into
tool for development of oil and gas field as threechapters:Part1explainshowsedimen-
well as for monitoring oil and/or gas pro- tary basin is formed, oil and gas formation,
duction and not just as an exploration tool. oil and gas traps, application of seismic
Because of the importance of seismic data technology to locate oil and gas traps, how
totheoilandgasindustry,graduategeosci- seismic data are acquired, the difference
entistsneedtohaveaclearunderstandingof between2Dand3Dseismicdata,4Dseismic
seismic data. streamer surveysand OBN survey.
Good understanding of the increased Part2explainsthedetailedpracticalsteps
role of seismic technology in oil and gas used to extract the geological section of the
exploration will enhance the employability earth from the acquired seismic field data.
of fresh geosciences graduates and make Part 3 explains seismic interpretation skills
themfunctionmoreeffectivelyandintegrate and key fundamental concepts that will aid
faster when working within an integrated thereaders’understandingonhowtopredict
geosciences team. hydrocarbondirectlyfromseismicdata.
The aim of this practical handbook is The concepts of the book are illustrated
to explain the fundamental concepts and usingseismicsections,welldataandphoto-
the detailed practical steps that are needed graphs to enhance the readers’ understand-
to understand and interpret seismic data ing of seismic data.
that would enhance the employability of It is my sincere hope that this practical
graduate geoscientists into the oil and bookwillmeettheneedsofgraduategeosci-
gas industry. entistsworldwidewhoareinterestedinwork-
This book ‘Seismic Data analysis Tech- ing in the oil and gas industry, as well as
niques in Hydrocarbon Exploration’ was refreshesthemindofindustryprofessionals.
developed from an idea conceived while
working as a postgraduate researcher with THINGS TO LEARN
Shell, Nigeria. I wanted to understand seis- WHEN YOU READ
mic sections and I was convinced that there
‘THE PRACTICAL
arefundamentalconcepts,inwhich,ifIhave
HANDBOOK’
aclearthoughtonwillaidmyunderstanding
ofseismicdataandhowtointerpretseismic
data. With this idea, I engaged in an exten- (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists willget to
sive industry researched for about 3 years understand how seismicdata are
and seek the guidance of highly experience acquiredandkeyfundamentalprinciples
geosciences professionals to write this andconcepts that are applied in
practicalbook. seismic exploration.
xiii
xiv
INTRODUCTION
(cid:129) Graduategeoscientistswillgetto (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to
understandthedetailedstep-by-step understand DHIsuch as ‘bright spot’,
processingtechniquesusedtoconvertthe ‘flat spot’,‘polarity reversal’ and
acquiredseismicdataintothegeologic ‘dim spot’, andhowto interpret
sectionoftheearth. them onseismicsection.
(cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to (cid:129) Reservoirengineers will get to
understand true amplitude (AVO) understand and learn how wrong
processing techniques. seismic velocity could affect
(cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to wrongestimation of hydrocarbon
understand geologic structures on reserve (STOIP)in the subsurface.
seismicsections andwhy notto drilla (cid:129) Geoscientist/petroleumengineers
buried-focus anticline. will get to understand 4D(3D-time
(cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to learn lapse) seismic survey,its limitations
important seismic interpretation skills. and theuse of OBN technology for
(cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will learnin reservoir monitoring and
practicaltermshowtointerpretfaultand managementas well as to optimize
do structural and horizoninterpretation. static and dynamic models ofcomplex
(cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will learnhow to reservoirs.
generategeological map andunderstand
time-to-depth conversion technique. And much more about seismicdata!
C H A P T E R
1
Sedimentation and Oil/Gas
Formation
O U T L I N E
Geologic Timescale oftheEarth 3 SedimentaryRock 7
BasinFormation 4 Oil and Gas Formation 8
Rock Types 6 Oil and Gas Traps 10
Igneous Rock 7 Type of Traps 10
Metamorphic Rock 7
GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE OF THE EARTH
Figure1.1canbeusedtorepresentthegeologicalperiodoftheearthovertime.Thegeology
time of the earth’s past has been organized into various units according to events which
tookplaceineachperiod.ThemajordivisionsofthegeologictimescalearecalledEons.Eons
aredividedintoeras,whichareinturndividedintoperiods,epochsandages.Theerasofthe
geologictimescalefromoldesttoyoungestarePrecambrian,Paleozoic,MesozoicandCenozoic.
Note that an era is a subdivision of geologic time that is longer than a period but shorter
thaneon.
Factsfromradiometricdatingindicatethattheearthisabout4.5billionyearsold.Theera
between this date and the time that larger life forms first appeared in the fossil record is
referred to as thePrecambrian.
There was life duringthe Precambrian.
Approximately600millionyearsagoduringthePALEOZOICera,lifeformssuchasshell-
fishstartedtodevelop;about250millionyearslaterlifewasfoundonlandduringtheCar-
boniferous and Permian period.
TheMESOZOICeraincludestheTriassic,theJurassicandtheCretaceous.Theappearance
of dinosaurs marked the beginning of the MESOZOIC era, which is dated as 225million
years ago.
SeismicDataAnalysisTechniquesinHydrocarbonExploration 3 #2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420023-4.00001-0
4
1.SEDIMENTATIONANDOIL/GASFORMATION
FIGURE 1.1 Major division of
geological time of the earth. Source:
ExploreMontanaGeology.
Mammals are characteristic of the youngest era, the CENOZOIC, which started some
65millionyearsagowhenthefirstgrazingandCarnivorousmammalsappearedinaperiod
known as the Tertiary. The Tertiary periods are Pliocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene and
Paleocene. These five Tertiary periods make up theCENOZOIC era.
BASIN FORMATION
Sedimentarybasinsareformedoverhundredsofmillionsofyearsbythecombinedaction
of deposition of eroded material and precipitation of chemicals and organic debris within
water environment (Figure 1.2).
FIGURE 1.2 Conceptualized basin
Clay formation.
Shale
Sand
Shale
I. BASICSEDIMENTOLOGYANDSEISMICDATAACQUISITION