Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins: From Turbulence to Tectonics

784 Pages·2011·9.16 MB·English

by  Mike R. Leeder

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: MAKING SEDIMENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 CLASTIC SEDIMENT AS A CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN PRODUCT
1.1 Introduction: clastic sediments—‘accidents’ of weathering
1.2 Silicate minerals and chemical weathering
1.3 Solute flux: rates and mechanisms of silicate chemical
weathering
1.4 Physical weathering
1.5 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape
1.6 Links between soil age, chemical weathering and
weathered-rock removal
1.7 Provenance: siliciclastic sediment-sourcing
Further reading
Chapter 2 CARBONATE, SILICEOUS, IRON-RICH AND
EVAPORITE SEDIMENTS
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2.1 Marine vs. freshwater chemical composition and fluxes
2.2 The calcium carbonate system in the oceans
2.3 Ooid carbonate grains
2.4 Carbonate grains from marine plants and animals
2.5 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks
2.6 Other carbonate grains of biological origins
2.7 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls
of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates
2.8 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic
CaCO3compensation mechanism
2.9 The carbonate system on land
2.10 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation as
sediment
2.11 Silica and pelagic plankton
2.12 Iron minerals and biomineralizers
2.13 Desert varnish
2.14 Phosphates
2.15 Primary microbial-induced sediments: algal mats and
stromatolites
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Further reading
Chapter 3 SEDIMENT GRAIN PROPERTIES
3.1 General
3.2 Grain size
3.3 Grain-size distributions
3.4 Grain shape and form
3.5 Bulk properties of grain aggregates
Further reading
Part 2: MOVING FLUID
Introduction
Chapter 4 FLUID BASICS
4.1 Material properties of fluids
4.2 Fluid kinematics
4.3 Fluid continuity with constant density
4.4 Fluid dynamics
4.5 Energy, mechanical work and power
Further reading
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Chapter 5 TYPES OF FLUID MOTION
5.1 Osborne Reynolds and flow types
5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the
boundary layer
5.3 Turbulent flows
5.4 The structure of turbulent shear flows
5.5 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary
currents
5.6 Subcritical and supercritical flows: the Froude number
and hydraulic jumps
5.7 Stratified flow generally
5.8 Water waves
5.9 Tidal flow—long-period waves
Further reading
Part 3: TRANSPORTING SEDIMENT
Introduction
Chapter 6 SEDIMENT IN FLUID AND FLUID
FLOW—GENERAL
6.1 Fall of grains through stationary fluids
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6.2 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex
6.3 Fluids as transporting machines
6.4 Initiation of grain motion
6.5 Paths of grain motion
6.6 Categories of transported sediment
6.7 Some contrasts between wind and water flows
6.8 Cohesive sediment transport and erosion
6.9 A warning: nonequilibrium effects dominate natural
sediment transport systems
6.10 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment
continuity equation and competence vs. capacity
Further reading
Chapter 7 BEDFORMS AND SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES IN FLOWS AND UNDER WAVES
7.1 Trinity of interaction: turbulent flow, sediment transport
and bedform development
7.2 Water-flow bedforms
7.3 Bedform phase diagrams for water flows
7.4 Water flow erosional bedforms on cohesive beds
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7.5 Water wave bedforms
7.6 Combined flows: wave–current ripples and hummocky
cross-stratification
7.7 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows
Further reading
Chapter 8 SEDIMENT GRAVITY FLOWS AND THEIR
DEPOSITS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Granular flows
8.3 Debris flows
8.4 Turbidity flows
8.5 Turbidite evidence for downslope transformation from
turbidity to debris flows
Further reading
Chapter 9 LIQUEFACTION, FLUIDIZATION AND
SLIDING SEDIMENT DEFORMATION
9.1 Liquefaction
9.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction
9.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps
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9.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures
Further reading
Part 4: MAJOR EXTERNAL CONTROLS ON
SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENTS
Introduction
Chapter 10 MAJOR EXTERNAL CONTROLS ON
SEDIMENTATION
10.1 Climate
10.2 Global climates: a summary
10.3 Sea-level changes
10.4 Tectonics
10.5 Sediment yield, denudation rate and the sedimentary
record
Further reading
Part 5: CONTINENTAL SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENTS
Introduction
Chapter 11 RIVERS
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11.1 Introduction
11.2 River networks, hydrographs,patterns and long profiles
11.3 Channel form
11.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and
internal structures
11.5 The floodplain
11.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges and avulsion
11.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and
equilibrium
11.8 Alluvial architecture: product of complex responses
11.9 Alluvial architecture: scale, controls and time
Further reading
Chapter 12 SUBAERIAL FANS: ALLUVIAL AND
COLLUVIAL
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Controls on the size (area) and gradient of fans
12.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans
12.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans
12.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans
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12.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans and talus cones
Further reading
Chapter 13 AEOLIAN SEDIMENTS IN LOW-LATITUDE
DESERTS
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Aeolian system state
13.3 Physical processes and erg formation
13.4 Erg margins and interbedform areas
13.5 Erg and draa evolution and sedimentary architecture
13.6 Erg construction, stasis and destruction: climate and
sea-level controls
13.7 Ancient desert facies
Further reading
Chapter 14 LAKES
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Lake stratification
14.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents
14.4 Wind-forced physical processes
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