Table Of ContentSEDIMENT
PROVENANCE
INFLUENCES ON COMPOSITIONAL
CHANGE FROM SOURCE TO SINK
Edited by
R M
AJAT AZUMDER
Department ofApplied Geology,FacultyofEngineeringandScience,CurtinUniversity, Sarawak,Malaysia
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Coarsetoverycoarse-grainedscoriaceoussandstone(darkcolored)interbandedwithfinesandstone/siltstone
(lightcolored)andmudstone(brownish),Mio-PlioceneMisakiFormation,MiuraPeninsula,Japan.Thecoarse
sandstonesarenormallygraded(turbidites)andwerederivedfromvolcanoes.Thefinerclasticsareindigenous
backgroundsedimentsformedinadeepmarinesedimentarybasin(2000e3000mdeep)inanarc-arccollision
zoneandthushavedifferentsedimentprovenancefromthecoarserclastics.Mostofthesoftsediment
deformationstructurespreservedwithinlaterallycontinuousandselectivestratigraphichorizonshavebeen
interpretedasseismite.
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Dedicated to my wife, Sumana Mazumder, for her support and positivity.
Contributors
D. Abbott City College of New York, New P. Dasgupta Durgapur Government College,
York, NY, United States; Lamont-Doherty Durgapur,India
Earth Observatory of Columbia University, S.De Presidency University,Kolkata,India
Palisades,NY,UnitedStates
W. deLorraine St. Lawrence Zinc Company,
P.Acquafredda UniversitàdegliStudidiBari, Gouverneur, NY,UnitedStates
Bari,Italy
A.Dey Jadavpur University,Kolkata,India
A. Agangi Curtin University, Bentley, WA,
P.G. Eriksson University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
Australia
SouthAfrica
J.S. Armstrong-Altrin Universidad Nacional
C.L. Fergusson University of Wollongong,
AutónomadeMéxico,México D.F.,México
Wollongong,NSW,Australia
S. Balakrishnan Pondicherry University,
V. Festa Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari,
Pondicherry, India
Italy
R.Baldacconi Freelancer,Taranto, Italy
C.R.L.Friend Glendale,Oxon,UnitedKingdom
A. Basu Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,
K. Galinskaya Brooklyn College, New York,
UnitedStates
NY,UnitedStates
V.C. Bennett The Australian National
S. Ghosh Presidency University, Kolkata,
University,Canberra,ACT,Australia
India
P.K.Bose JadavpurUniversity, Kolkata,India
V.Gusiakov TsunamiLaboratory,ICMMGSD
D. Breger Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory RAS,Novosibirsk,Russia
ofColumbia University,Palisades,NY,United
Y. Han China University of Geosciences,
States; Micrographic Arts, Saratoga Springs,
Beijing,China
NY,UnitedStates
Z. Han Shandong University of Science and
N.Chakraborty JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,
Technology,Qingdao,China
India
R.A. Henderson James Cook University,
P.P. Chakraborty University of Delhi, New
Townsville,QLD,Australia
Delhi,India
A. Hofmann University of Johannesburg,
M.A.Chan UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,
AucklandPark,SouthAfrica
UT,UnitedStates
K.Horie NationalInstituteforPolarResearch,
J. Chiarenzelli St. Lawrence University,
Tokyo,Japan
Canton,NY, UnitedStates
M. Ibanez-Mejia Massachusetts Institute of
A.R. Chivas University of Wollongong,
Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States;
Wollongong,NSW, Australia
UniversityofRochester,Rochester,NY,United
G. da Costa University of Johannesburg, States
AucklandPark,SouthAfrica
J. Jong JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration
K. Das Hiroshima University, Higashi-
(Deepwater Sabah) Limited, Kuala Lumpur,
Hiroshima,Japan Malaysia
xi
xii
CONTRIBUTORS
F.L. Kessler Goldbach Geoconsultants O & G, R. Offler University of Newcastle, Callaghan,
Glattbach,Aschaffenburg, Germany NSW, Australia
D. Kratzmann Santa Rosa Junior College, M. Pisarska-Jamroz_y Geological Institute,
Petaluma,CA,UnitedStates Adam MickiewiczUniversity,Poznan(cid:2),Poland
S.Lisco UniversitàdegliStudidiBari,Bari,Italy G.Rambolamanana UniversityofAntananarivo,
D.G.F. Long Laurentian University, Sudbury, Antananarivo,Madagascar
ON,Canada C.A. Rosiere Federal University of Minas
M. Lupulescu New York State Museum, Gerais, BeloHorizonte,Brazil
Albany,NY,UnitedStates S.Saha University ofDelhi,NewDelhi, India
A.Mandal JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India S.Sanyal JadavpurUniversity, Kolkata,India
G.Mastronuzzi UniversitàdegliStudidiBari, S.Sarkar Jadavpur University,Kolkata,India
Bari,Italy T.Sato INPEXCorporation,Tokyo, Japan
R. Mazumder Curtin University, Sarawak, R.Scotti Freelancer, Taranto, Italy
Malaysia
B. Selleck Colgate University, Hamilton, NY,
W. Mejiama Osaka City University, Osaka, UnitedStates
Japan
P. Sengupta Jadavpur University, Kolkata,
M.Moretti UniversitàdegliStudidiBari,Bari, India
Italy
G. Shanmugam The University of Texas at
V.Moretti RegionePugliaeServizioEcologiae Arlington, Arlington, TX,UnitedStates
Ufficio Programmazione, Politiche Energetiche,
H.A.Tawfik TantaUniversity, Tanta,Egypt
Bari, Italy
M. Tropeano Università degli Studi di Bari,
S. Mukherjee Jadavpur University, Kolkata,
Bari,Italy
India
Y. Tsutsumi National Science Museum,
J. Mukhopadhyay Presidency University,
Tsukuba,Japan
Kolkata, India; University of Johannesburg,
AucklandPark,SouthAfrica A.J. (Tom) Van Loon Geocom Consultants,
Benitachell, Spain
R. Nagarajan Curtin University, Miri,
Sarawak,Malaysia G.M. Young University of Western Ontario,
London, ON,Canada
R.Nagendra AnnaUniversity, Chennai,India
A.P. Nutman University of Wollongong, Wol-
longong,NSW,Australia;ChineseAcademyof
GeologicalSciences, Beijing,China
C H A P T E R
1
fl
Sediment Provenance: In uence
on Compositional Change From
Source to Sink
R. Mazumder
Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia
O U T L I N E
Acknowledgment 4 References 4
Theterm“provenance”originatesfromtheLatinword“provenire,”meaningtooriginate.
Although commonly used to indicate source or parent rock from which sediments were
generated, the term “provenance” actually encompasses all factors related to sediment
production, with “specific reference to the composition of the parent rocks as well as the
physiography and climate of the source area” (Weltje and Eynatten, 2004). Sedimentary
provenance data play a critical role in assessing palaeogeographic reconstructions, in
constraining lateral displacements in orogens, in characterizing crust that is no longer
exposed, in mapping depositional systems, in subsurface correlation, and in predicting
reservoir quality (Haughton et al., 1991; Weltje and Eynatten, 2004; Garzanti et al., 2014;
Bhattacharya et al., 2016).
The source to sink (S2S) is an approach that connects areas of sediment production with
sites of transfer and locations of storage through the quantification of earth processes in a
budgetary manner (Walsh et al., 2016; Bhattacharya et al., 2016). Understandably, sediment
transport, climate, life, environment, diagenesis/lithification, and contemporaneous tecto-
nism also have significant influences on sediment composition/geochemistry along the
way from source to sink. The recent special issue of Earth Science Reviews (Walsh et al.,
2016) presents several interesting recent to Miocene S2S sediment provenance studies on
SedimentProvenance
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2
1. SEDIMENTPROVENANCE:INFLUENCEONCOMPOSITIONALCHANGEFROMSOURCETOSINK
differentcontinents.OneofthecriticalareasthatdeservescloserscrutinybytheS2Scommu-
nity is linking the present and the past (Walsh et al., 2016). As pointed out by Walsh et al.
(2016), “there continues to be too much community disconnect among ‘modern’ (process),
Quaternary and deep-time researchers.” It must be noted that researchers have undertaken
provenanceanalysisofmucholder(asoldasearlyArchean)sedimentarydepositsofthema-
jor cratonic blocks of the world, including those of Antarctica and Greenland (see Eriksson
et al., 2004 and references therein). In spite of significant technological development and
consequentscientific advancementin last 20years, there isalmost no memoir/specialpubli-
cation/book that treats sedimentary rocks from an S2S perspective. This book provides a
critical and comprehensive overview as well as new data-based sediment provenance
analyses from Precambrian to recent from several continents and will fill in the gap in the
knowledge base.
The content of the book has been divided into 19 chapters. The first (Basu) is a critical
appraisal of the conceptual evolution and the enhanced scope of inquiries into the prove-
nance of siliciclastic sediments. Van Loon et al. have traced the source of bio/siliciclastic
beach sands of the Apulian Coast of Italy. Their analyses reveal a wave-eroded lithified
sand source for the beach sands and contribution from a wide variety of organisms. Van
_
Loon and Pisarska-Jamrozy have undertaken a detailed heavy mineral study of Pleistocene
sandurs, ice-marginal valley and a nearby river in Poland, and have shown that heavy
mineralanalysescansignificantlycontributetothereconstructionofthepathwayofsedimen-
tary particles and of the changes in the heavy-mineral spectra from source to sink. The
hydraulic conditions prevailing during sediment transportation have the prime control on
sedimentdispersalpatterns,andthushaveasignificantinfluenceonthechangesinsediment
composition during the journey from source to sink. Dasgupta has critically reviewed the
problematic aspects of paleohydraulic parameter reconstructions from primary sedimentary
structures and believes that quantitative methodology for the precise estimation of paleohy-
draulicparametersfromdepositionalsedimentarystructures“isyettobedevelopedthrough
systematic laboratory and field experiments that can be repeated and empirically verified.”
Sedimentological analysis of the Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic rocks (sandstones) of the
Pondicherryembryonicriftbasin,IndiabySarkaretal.clearlyrevealscratonicsourcegaining
relative maturity toward the distal depositional setting. Variable degrees of mixing of felsic
andmaficcomponents andsource-shiftingasaconsequence ofriftinghavebeenestablished
by these authors. Nagarajan et al. have undertaken petrographic and geochemical analyses
of Neogene Sibuti and Lambir formations, east Malaysia (Borneo). Their research indicates
derivation of sediments from recycled felsic provenance in a predominantly continental to
passive margin setting associated with rifting of the proto-South China Sea during the early
to middle Miocene. The origin of “V”-shaped elongated dune complexes of Madagascar
(Chevron complexes) is disputed; Abbott et al. have argued against the Aeolian origin of
these dune complexes. Their sedimentological (grain-size), micropaleontological, and
geochronological data from three dune complexes of Madagascar indicate these dune
complexes are the depositional product of a Holocene megatsunami possibly related to a
Holocenelandslide,orbolideimpact(Abbottetal.).Manyfundamentalproblemsofcontour-
ite research have been pointed out by Shanmugam in his detailed and critical review. The
contourite domain, according to Shanmugam, is “still in a state of flux after nearly 60years
of research” because of those fundamental problems.
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1. SEDIMENTPROVENANCE:INFLUENCEONCOMPOSITIONALCHANGEFROMSOURCETOSINK
Continentalsequencesgenerallyrecordastronginfluenceofsedimentsourceondeposi-
tional facies and provide excellent opportunities for S2S analyses. Sato and Chan have un-
dertaken a detailed sedimentological analysis of the Eocene Duchesne River formation of
the Uinta Basin, Utah, USA, and have demonstrated how different source inputs control
sedimentary facies development and sandstone petrophysical properties in the sink. Their
study reveals the importance of sediment provenance analysis for exploration of fluvial
sandstone reservoirs. Van Loon et al. have examined a series of lenses of limestone breccia
from the Late Cambrian (Furongian) Chaomidian Formation in Shandong Province, China
and interpreted these as a consequence of fragmentation followed by sliding of a breccia
layerfromtheparentlayer(thesource)toitsdepositionalsite(thesink).Longhasexamined
cherts of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Tantalus Formation, in south-central Yukon,
Canada.HisstudyrevealsthatalargeslabofCacheCreekwasobductedoverstrataofthe
YukoneTanana terrane, and this now eroded slab was the source of chert in the Tantalus
piggyback basins.
Late Neoproterozoic to early Mesozoic sedimentary succession of the Tasmanides of
eastern Australia developed in an active plate margin setting. Multidisciplinary research
undertaken by Fergusson revels provenance switching between the developments of
igneous-dominated detritus related to adjoining magmatic arcs (e.g., the Macquarie Arc),
and interactions with Gondwana-derived clastics. Chiarenzelli utilized detrital zircons in
anupperamphibolitefaciesterraintodocumentsedimentprovenanceandbasinevolution,
and to provide initial temporal constraints on sedimentation. Das et al. have presented
detrital records of sediment provenance and its shift in the Mesoproterozoic Singhora
Group, central India. Sengupta et al. inferred sedimentary provenance, timing of sedimen-
tation,andmetamorphismfromasuiteofmetapelitesfromtheChotanagpurGraniteGneiss
Complex, eastern India, and discussed their implications for Proterozoic tectonics in the
east-centralpartoftheIndianshield.Mukhopadhayaetal.haveundertakenSEMeCLfab-
ric analysis of quartz framework population from the Mesoarchean Keonjhar Quartzite
fromSinghbhumCraton,easternIndia.Theseauthorshavediscussedimplicationsofprov-
enance analysis for the upper continental crustal evolution. Costa and Hofmann have
undertaken provenance analysis of detrital pyrite in the Mesoarchaean Witwatersrand
BasinofSouthAfrica,theworld’slargestgolddeposit.Accordingtotheseauthors,detrital
pyrite is mainly derived from sedimentary sources and syn-sedimentary precipitates.
Young has discussed the ice ages in earth history, “puzzling” paleolatitudes, and regional
provenance of the ice sheets. According to Young, “the evolution of metazoans, climaxing
with the ‘Cambrian explosion,’ may have been accelerated by rapid and radical environ-
mental changes associated with glaciations.” The world’s oldest sedimentary structures
are preserved in dolomitic carbonates, banded iron formations, volcaniclastic sedimentary
rocks, and very rare sandstones and conglomerates in the 3.7e3.8billion years old Isua
supracrustal belt in North Atlantic craton (Greenland). The holistic appraisal of the Isua
supracrustals by Nutman et al. indicates they formed over a 100-million-year period in
supra-subduction zone settings.
I strongly believe that a state-of-the art exposition of sediment provenance analyses will
helptoidentifykeyissuesandgapsintheexistingknowledgebaseandinitiatenewresearch
to understand source rock characteristics, paleoweathering, paleoclimate, tectonics, and
ultimately, the evolution of continental crust.
4
1. SEDIMENTPROVENANCE:INFLUENCEONCOMPOSITIONALCHANGEFROMSOURCETOSINK
Acknowledgment
Iamgratefultoallcontributors,reviewers,andcolleaguesatElsevier,especiallyTashaFrankandMarisaLaFleur,
who supported me in various ways. I gratefully acknowledge infrastructural support provided by the Faculty of
EngineeringandScience,CurtinUniversity,Sarawak,Malaysia.ProfessorsKennethEriksson,PatrickG.Eriksson,
andChristopherFedocriticallycommentedontheoriginalbookproposalandhelpedmetoorganizethebook.
References
Bhattacharya,J.P.,Copeland,P.,Lawton,T.F.,Holbrook,J.,2016.Estimationofsourcearea,riverpaleo-discharge,
paleoslope, and sediment budgets of linked deep-time depositional systems and implications for hydrocarbon
potential.EarthScienceReviews153,77e110.
EduardoGarzanti,E.,Vermeesch,P.,Padoan,M.,Resentini,A.,Vezzoli,G.,Andò,S.,2014.Provenanceofpassive-
marginsand(SouthernAfrica).JournalofGeology122,17e42.
Eriksson,P.G.,Altermann,W.,Nelson,D.R.,Mueller,W.,Catuneanu,O.,2004.ThePrecambrianEarth,Temposand
Events.ElsevierScience,966p.
Haughton, P.D., Todd, S.P., Morton, A.C., 1991. Sedimentary provenance studies. In: Morton, A.C., Todd, S.P.,
Haughton, P.D.W. (Eds.), Developments in Sedimentary Provenance Studies, 57. Geological Society Special
PublicationNo,pp.1e11.
Wals,J.P.,Wiberg,P.L.,Aalto,R.,Nittrouer,C.A.,Kuehl,S.A.,2016.Source-to-sinkresearch:economyoftheEarth’s
surfaceanditsstrata.EarthScienceReviews153,1e6.
Weltje,G.J.,VonEynatten,H.,2004.Quantitativeprovenanceanalysisofsediments:reviewandoutlook.Sedimen-
taryGeology171,1e11.
C H A P T E R
2
Evolution of Siliciclastic Provenance
Inquiries: A Critical Appraisal
A. Basu
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
O U T L I N E
1. Introduction 5 5.2 Bulk Chemical Compositions 14
5.3 Properties of Single Minerals 15
2. Purpose and Scope 6
6. Discussion 16
3. Materials and Relevant Properties 7
7. The Future 17
4. Investigative Techniques and
Insightful Results 8 8. Conclusions 17
4.1 Optical Microscopy 8
Acknowledgments 18
4.2 Chemical Compositions of Bulk
Rocks 9 References 18
4.3 Populations of Single Derital
Appendix I. Diverse Criteria for
Minerals 10
Modal Analysis of Sandstones 23
5. The Critique 13
5.1 Bulk Mineralogical Compositions 13
1. INTRODUCTION
Curiosity about origin is a fundamental human urge. Investigating the provenance of sil-
iciclasticdebrisandrocksisasubsetofthatcuriosity.HenryCliftonSorbysagaciouslydeter-
mined, morethan 150yearsago, onthebasisofoptical petrography, that thequartzarenitic
SedimentProvenance
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