Securing Livelihoods through Yams

329 Pages·2010·2.53 MB·English

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Securing Livelihoods
through Yams
Proceedings of a technical workshop on
progress in yam research for development
in West and Central Africa held in Accra,
Ghana, 11–13 September 2007
B. Nkamleu, D. Annang, and N.M. Bacco, Editors
i
© International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 2009
Ibadan, Nigeria
To Headquarters from outside Nigeria:
IITA, Carolyn House
26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK
Within Nigeria:
PMB 5320, Oyo Road
Ibadan, Oyo State
ISBN 978-131-345-5
Printed in Nigeria by IITA
Correct citation: Securing livelihoods through yams. 2009. Proceedings of a technical
workshop on progress in ram research for development in West and Central Africa
held in Accra, Ghana, 11–13 September 2007, edited by B. Nkamleu, D. Annang, and
N.M. Bacco. IFAD TAG 704, IITA, Nigeria. 329 pp.
Cover photo: Photo by IITA.
ii
Contents
Preface vi
Opening address vii
The West African Council for Agricultural Research and Development
(CORAF/WECARD) Address
Dr Ernest Asiedu x
Nigeria: Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP), IFAD/WECARD/IITA
Subregional Project on Yams (TAG 704)
Nigerian Root and Tuber Expansion Program xi
Yam Research and Development Efforts by PNDRT in Cameroon
T. Ngue-Bissa and A. Mbairanodji xiv
1. Productivity Enhancement
Evaluation of Legume Cover crops for Imperata Weed Suppression,
Soil Fertility Improvement, and Yam Production in Southeastern Nigeria
J.G. Ikeorgu, D.A. Okpara, and M.C. Ogbonna 3
Yam Production in Nigeria: A Policy Analysis Matrix
S.O. Akande and O.O. Ogundele 10
Production Rapide de Semences Saines de Variétés Améliorées D’igname par
la Technique des Mini-fragments dans Quatre Régions au Centre de la Côte D’Ivoire
J-B Ettien, L. Diby et A. Tschannen 26
Facteurs Determinant L’adoption de Nouvelles
Varietes D’ignames (Dioscorea Sp.) dans la Region Centre de la Côte D’ivoire
A.M. Kouakou S. Doumbia, J.B. Ettien , G.P. Zohouri V. and Gnaoré –Yapi 33
GGE Biplot Analysis of Tuber Yield of Dioscorea Rotundata in Ghana
Emmanuel Otoo 43
2. Yam Marketing
An Analysis of the Demand and Supply of Seed Yams in Major
Yam Producing Areas of Nigeria
Asumugha, G.N. , M.E. Njoku, B.C. Okoye, O.C. Aniedu,
O.A. Akinpelu, M.C. Ogbonna, H.N. Anyaegbunam, O. Ibeagi,
A. Amaefula and K.I. Nwosu 55
An Analysis of The Marketing Channels and Efficiency
of the Marketing System for Yams in Nigeria
G.N. Asumugha, D. Lemka, M. Ogbonna, B.C. Okoye, E. Dung,
M.E. Njoku, K.I. Nwosu 71
Analyse diagnostique des circuits de commercialisation de l’igname au cameroun :
atouts et contraintes
S.B. Ngassam, D.K. Malaa, T.P. Ngome, A.B. Aighewi 79
iii
Effets de la Libéralisation sur les Incitations et la Compétitivité de la
Filière Igname en Côte D’ivoire
K. Sylla, S.D. Diallo, Y. Ouattara et C.M. Kablan 95
Analyses Économiques Comparées des Techniques de Stockages et
Variabilité des Prix de L’Igname dans les Régions du Zanzan, des Lacs,
et des Savanes de Côte D’Ivoire
Kouadio Koffi Eric, Gbongue Mamadou, Comoe Daisy 111
3. Yam Consumption and Indigenous Knowledge
Patterns and Determinants of Yam Consumption in a Ghanaian Urban Center:
Household Demographics, Income and Gender Perspectives
R. Aidoo, K. Ohene-Yankyera, K. Marfo, and N.G. Blaise 129
Perception of Food Quality in Yams Among Nigerian Farmers
B.O. Otegbayo, A.L. Kehinde, T.E. Sangoyomi, F.O. Samuel,
and C.C. Okonkwo 147
How to Validate and Promote the Use of D. Alata
for Yam Chips and Derived Products (Amala and Wassa-wassa)
A. Hounhouigan, N. Akissoe, and J. Hounhouigan 157
Production of Couscous and French Fries from Dioscorea Alata (Water Yam)
D.D. Opata, J. Asiedu-Larbi, W.O. Ellis, and I. Oduro 165
Consumption Patterns for Yam Products Among Urban Households Nigeria
G.N. Asumugha, M.E. Njoku, V.U. Asumugha, M. Tokula, I. Nwosu 179
Consommation et Préférence des Produits D’Igname par les Ménages
Urbains de Cotonou et de Porto-Novo, au Bénin
Epiphane Sodjinou, Charles Agli et Patrice Y. Adegbola 194
Déterminants de L’adoption des Technologies de Transformation
de L’Igname: Cas de la Transformation en Cossettes et en Farine
au Nord de la Cote D’ivoire
R.F. Monney S. Coulibaly K. Sylla Souleymane S. Diallo B. N’Kamleu 208
4. Rapid Propagation Technologies
Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Four Hybrid Water Yam Clones
in the Yam Belt of Nigeria
J.G. Ikeorgu, H. Oselebe, J. Oluwatayo, K. Ugwuoke, U. Ukpabi,
and R. Asiedu 225
Adoption of Minisett Technology in the Agroecological Zones of High
Guinea Savanna and Western Highlands of Cameroon
V.P. Nchinda,. D.K. Njualem, S.B. Ngassam M.A. Che, and S.P. Nkwate 230
Promotion of the Yam Minisett Technique in the Yam Belt of Nigeria
Ikeorgu, J.G., Ekwe, K.C. and M.H. Tokula 241
iv
Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Local Landraces of Yams
(Dioscorea spp.) in Cameroon: A Year’s Experience
D.K. Njualem, F. Ntam, A. Mbairanodji, W.N. Leke, V. Nchinda,
and D.L. Mapiemfu 244
Sélection Variétale Participative de Clones D’Igname (Dioscorea Rotundata)
pour leur Performances Agronomiques et Organoleptiques
N’Kpenu K.E., N. Gnofam, S. Dodzi, D.A. Amouzou 250
Collecte et Documentation des Informations sur la Distribution
Géographique des Différents Cultivars D’Igname et Leur Utilisation
dans les Régions Maritime, des Plateaux et Centrale au Togo
Z. Kokou, A. Koumah, S. Koffi 259

5. Technology for Storage and Seed Sector
Variation in Pasting and Functional Properties of Flours and Starches
from Water Yam (Dioscorea Alata)
M.O. Oke, S.O. Awonorin, R. Asiedu, B. Maziya-Dixon, L.O. Sanni,
and B.A. Akinwande 269
Efficacite du Vin De Palme sur les Champignons Responsables de Pourritures
D’Igname (Dioscorea Spp.) en Côte D’Ivoire
K. Assiri, A. H. Diallo, A. Tschannen, S. Ake 279
Utilisation D’extraits de Plantes à Effet Pesticide Pour Améliorer
la Qualité des Tubercules D’Igname en Stockage
K.E. Kpemoua 293
Analyse de L’adoption des Nouvelles Technologies de Production
de Cossettes et Farine D’Igname Preconisees par le Projet
K.A. Djake, K. Zoukpoya, K. Koudjega 301
Participants 309
v
Preface
Yam is a major staple and a primary source of income in West and Central Africa.
Most of the world’s production comes from West Africa, representing 94%, with
Nigeria alone producing 71%, equaling more than 37 million tons.
The rate of increase in yam production is declining in most producing areas in the
sub-region due to high labor and material requirements as well as deterioration in soil
structure and fertility. Smallholder farmers therefore need access to innovations to
reduce labor, improve productivity and expand options for marketing and utilization.
Researchers have been working on yam improvement and seeking ways of addressing
these challenges.
This book summarizes some of the progress made in research as reported during
the IFAD/IITA yam technical workshop held from 11 to 13 September 2007 in Accra,
Ghana. It is divided into the following sections: Productivity enhancement, Yam
marketing, Yam conservation and indigenous knowledge, and Rapid propagation
technologies.
vi
Opening Address
Honorable Deputy Minister (Crops)
Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Ghana
The production of yams has been very important to the welfare of many generations
of people in Ghana and other countries of West and Central Africa. Yams certainly
continue to be very important for food security, income generation, and several socio-
cultural events. In order to further enhance their contribution to the economic and
social development of the subregion we need to address the constraints to productivity
and marketing, and to develop more effective postharvest technologies.
In Ghana, the Root and Tuber Improvement and Marketing Programme (RTIMP)
is an excellent example of our serious commitment to the root and tuber crop sector.
Through this program, staff of my ministry work together with colleagues in our
universities and research institutes to address the challenges and opportunities of
that sector. I am glad to note that there are similar programs in Benin, Cameroon, and
Nigeria and that there is interchange of experiences among them.
I am informed that during this technical meeting, several experts will review
ongoing research and development activities on yams in our subregion to assess
achievements and highlight the challenges and opportunities still ahead. This regional
collaboration in research to ensure efficiency of resource use is commendable. It also
makes a lot of sense considering the similarities in agroecologies in our subregion
and the limited resources available for research.
Please remember during your deliberations that, as a major crop in the subregion,
the yam sector has to contribute to achieving the 6% annual growth in agricultural
productivity by 2015, in line with the objective of the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural
Development Program (CAADP). It is also important to remember that the timely
delivery of accurate and convincing technical information to policy makers is essential
to the development of sound and supportive science-based policies that could in turn
facilitate your research.
I hope that as you generate new technologies you remain mindful of the capacities
and circumstances of the target users and beneficiaries who adopt them. The farmers
also have a wealth of indigenous knowledge that could help you a lot in your research.
In developing new, high yielding, and pest-resistant varieties, do not forget to retain
or incorporate the distinct flavors that have made traditional varieties like puna and
labreko highly preferred for several years.
I would also like to draw your attention to the apparent decline in production of
specific traditional varieties through lack of attention or improvement. One example in
Ghana that comes to mind is the relatively shade tolerant group of white yam varieties
that grow very well in the cocoa growing areas and are appropriately called kokoase
bayere.
I wish you all the best in your deliberations.
vii
The West African Council for Agricultural Research
and Development (CORAF/WECARD) Address
Dr Ernest Asiedu
The West African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF/
WECARD), with its secretariat in Dakar, is a subregional agricultural organization
coordinating agricultural research in West and Central Africa (WCA). It comprises 22
National agricultural research systems (NARS) and partners include the private sector,
farmers’ organizations, agricultural extension, NGOs, National agricultural research
institutes (NARIs), International agricultural research centers (IARCs), universities, base
centers, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Union Economique
et Monétaire Ouest Africaine/West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA),
Communaute Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale/ Economic Community of
Central African States (CEEAC), Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA),
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), decision makers, development
partners, civil society, as well as local, international and other constituents.
The subregion is a home to about 320 million inhabitants, whose livelihoods
principally depend on agriculture. In this subregion, the agricultural systems are diversely
characterized as smallholder, rain fed, and stress prone, with low use of improved
technologies and innovations, poor market access, poor infrastructure, insufficient
policy support, etc. As a result, and sometimes complicated by conflicts, agricultural
productivity has been very low. It is sad to note that per-capita agricultural growth has
remained stagnant in West Africa and negative in Central Africa over the past 30 years.
Even with the recent 2.5% growth observed, agricultural growth still lagged behind the
population growth rate of 3.1%, rendering the majority of the people who depend on it,
food insecure, poor, and unemployed. It is worth noting that agricultural growth in Asia
and Latin America is already reaching about the 8% growth mark.
In view of the continued poor performance of the agricultural sector and the
opportunities that exist today in terms of policy framework of the African Union New
Partnership for Africa’s Development (AU-NEPAD), Framework for African Agricultural
Productivity (FAAP), Regional Economic Communities (RECs), and partners, CORAF/
WECARD reviewed and revised the 1999–2014 Strategic Plan to address the current
challenges. The revised plan of 2007–2016 seeks to prioritize and rank key areas
of investment in agricultural research and development, capable of driving growth
to attain the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)
target of 6% agricultural growth and the MDG1 by 2015. In addition, it seeks to
coordinate and harmonize the fragmented support across West and Central Africa for
agricultural research involving a wider range of stakeholders, as mentioned earlier.
In this vein, the potentials of important agricultural commodities, that would propel
the economic growth of WCA during the next 10 years have been carefully analyzed
and projections given. Roots and tubers rank first among the eight most important
agricultural commodities and would contribute 17% to the projected WCA total
agricultural growth. Specifically, contribution of roots and tubers to total agricultural
growth in nine countries (share in country’s AgGDP growth) is as follows: Togo 34.1%,
DRC 30.4%, Benin 28.1%, Congo Republic 27.0%, Ghana 22.1%, Nigeria 21.1%,
Gabon 17.9%, CAR 16.7%, and Cameroon 9.7%.
viii
Contribution of agriculture to AgGDP in WCA
• Roots and tubers—ranking first in WCA and contributing 17% to agricultural growth.
• Livestock—ranking second in WCA and contributing 10.5% to agricultural growth.
• Rice—ranking third and contributing 17% to agricultural growth.
• Fruits and Vegetables—ranking fourth in WCA and contributing 10.5% to agricul-
tural growth and fruits.
• Pulses and oilseeds—ranking fifth in WCA and fourth in the Sahel and contributing
8.7% to agricultural growth.
• Traditional grains (maize, sorghum and millet, ranking third in the Sahel, and sixth
in WCA) and contributing 5.8% to agricultural growth.
• Cocoa—contributing 2.8% to WCA growth and 2% to Coastal and Central African
countries.
• Cotton—contributing 2.1% to WCA and 4.8% to the Sahel.
To harness the enormous potential of agriculture, CORAF/WECARD’s strategic
plan of 2007–2016 calls for the shift to a program-based approach in the context of
Integrated Agricultural Research-for-Development (IAR4D). The eight core programs
in the CORAF/WECARD’s new strategic plan are based on the priorities identified
for the subregion in the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) study
and extensive consultative process with stakeholders. These are (1) livestock,
fisheries, and aquaculture; (2) staple crops; (3) non-staple crops; (4) natural resource
management, (5) biotechnology and biosafety; (6) policy, markets, and trade; (7)
knowledge management; and (8) capacity strengthening and coordination. Through
these, the CORAF/WECARD strategy of 2007–2016 seeks to achieve its mission of
sustainable improvements to the competitiveness, productivity, and markets of the
agricultural system in West and Central Africa by meeting the key demands of the
subregional research system as expressed by target groups. CORAF/WECARD’s
first 5-year Operational Plan 2007–2011 is delivering four mutually reinforcing
results which constitute the heart of the paradigm shift as follows: (1) appropriate
technologies and innovations developed; (2) strategic decision-making options for
policy, institutions, and markets developed; (3) subregional agricultural research
system strengthened and coordinated; and (4) demand for agricultural knowledge
from target clients facilitated and met.
We commend the Yam Project for significant achievements made in the subregion
in addressing food security and poverty reduction challenges. Nevertheless with
new challenges and expectations ahead in achieving the AU–NEPAD target of 6%
annual agricultural growth by 2016, we may have to put celebrations behind us. The
challenge, urgency, and moral responsibility of achieving the new target within the
next nine years requires great focus, creativity, expanded partnership, and resources
in our drive towards the development, transfer, and adoption of technologies and
innovations to relieve our people of poverty and misery.
Through the collective efforts of programs, projects, and networks, such as the yam
project, it is expected that the subregional strategy and operations would contribute
significantly to the realization of the subregional vision of achieving a sustainable
reduction in poverty and food insecurity in WCA through an increase in agricultural-
led economic growth and sustainable improvement of key aspects of the agricultural
research system.
Thank you for your attention.
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