Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5 Volume Set

4795 Pages·2012·35.655 MB·English

by  Richard J. Lewis Sr.

Sax's
Dangerous
Properties of
Industrial Materials
Eleventh Edition
RICHARD J. LEWIS, SR.
WILEY-
INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
DISCLAIMER: Extreme care has been taken in preparation of this work. However, neither the publisher nor the authors shall be held responsible
or liable for any damages resulting in connection with or arising from the use of any of the information in this book.
Copyright 02 004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as
permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax
[phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should
be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 11 1 River Street, Hoboken, NJ
07030, [phone], fax [phone].
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable
for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor
author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited
to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care
Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 3 17-572-3993 or fax [phone].
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print,
however, may not be available in electronic format.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
Lewis, Richard J., Sr.
Sax’s dangerous properties of industrial materials-1 1t h ed.
ISBN 0-47 1-47662-5
Printed in the United States of America.
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated to Grace Ross Lewis.
Her effort and advice on every aspect of the
design and preparation made this edition possible.
Welcome to William Joseph Herrmann,
a new generation to carry the torch.
v
Introduction
The list of potentially hazardous materials includes concludes with a Safety Profile that discusses the toxic
drugs, food additives, preservatives, ores, pesticides, and other hazards of the entry. The Safety Profile
dyes, detergents, lubricants, soaps, plastics, extracts concludes with the OSHA and NIOSH occupational
from plant and animal sources, plants and animals that analytical method, referenced by method name or
are toxic by contact or consumption, and industrial number.
intermediates and waste products from production 1. DPIM Entry Code identifies each entry by a unique
processes. Some of the information refers to materials code consisting of three letters and three numbers, for
of undefined composition. The chemicals included are example, AAA123. The first letter of the entry code
assumed to exhibit the reported toxic effect in their pure indicates the alphabetical position of the entry. Codes
state unless otherwise noted. However, even in the case beginning with “A” are assigned to entries indexed with
of a supposedly “pure” chemical, there is usually some the A's. Each listing in the cross-indexes is referenced to
degreeof uncertainty as to its exactcompositionand the its appropriate entry by the DPIM entry code.
impurities that may be present. This possibility must be 2. Entry Name is the name of each material, selected,
considered in attempting to interpret the data presented where possible, to be a commonly used designation.
because the toxic effects observed could in some cases 3. Hazard Rating (HR:) is assigned to each material in
be caused by a contaminant. Some radioactive materials the form of a number (1, 2, or 3) that briefly identifies
are included but the effect reported is the chemically the level of the toxicity or hazard.The letter “D” is used
produced effect rather than the radiationeffect. where the data available are insufficient to indicate a
For each entry the following data are provided when relative rating. In most cases a “D” rating is assigned
available: the DPIM code, hazard rating, entry name, when only in-vitro mutagenic or experimental
CAS number, DOT number, molecular formula, reproductive data are available. Ratings are assigned on
molecular weight, line structural formula, a description the basis of low (1), medium (2), or high (3) toxic, fire,
of the material and physical properties, and synonyms. explosive, or reactivityhazard.
Following this are listed the toxicity datawith references The number “3” indicates an LD50 below 400 mg/kg
for reports of primary skin and eye irritation, mutation, or an LC50 below 100 ppm; or that the material is
reproductive, carcinogenic, and acute toxic dose data. explosive, highly flammable, or highly reactive.
The Consensus Reports section contains, where The number “2” indicates an LD50 of 400(cid:238)4,000
available, NTP 8th Annual Report on Carcinogens mg/kg or an LC50 of 100(cid:238)500 ppm; or that the
notation, IARC reviews, NTP Carcinogenesis Testing material is flammable or reactive.
Program results, EPA Extremely Hazardous Substances The number “1” indicates an LD50 of 4000(cid:238)40,000
List, the EPA Genetic Toxicology Program, and the mg/kg or an LC50 of 500(cid:238)5000 ppm; or that the
Community Right-To-Know List. We also indicate the material is combustible or has some reactivityhazard.
presence of the material in the update of the EPA 4. Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS:) is a
TSCA inventory of chemicals in use in the United numeric designation assigned by theAmerican Chemical
States. The next grouping consists of the U.S. Society's Chemical Abstracts Service and uniquely
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's identifies a specific chemical compound. This entry
(OSHA) permissible exposure levels, the American allows one to conclusively identify a material regardless
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' of the name or naming system used.
(ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), German 5. DOT: indicates a four-digit hazard code assigned by
Research Society's (MAK) values, National Institute for the U.S. Department of Transportation. This code is
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recognized internationally and is in agreement with the
recommended exposure levels, and U.S. Department of United Nations coding system. The code is used on
Transportation (DOT) classifications. Each entry
xi
xii Introduction
transport documents, labels, and placards. It is also used language in parentheses), or codes. Some synonyms
to determine the regulations for shipping the material. consist in whole or in part of registered trademarks.
6. Molecular Formula (mf:) or atomic formula (af:) These trademarks are not identified as such. The reader
designates the elemental composition of the material is cautioned that some synonyms, particularly common
and is structured according to the Hill System (see names, may be ambiguous and refer to more than one
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 22(8): 478(cid:238)494, material.
1900), in which carbon and hydrogen (if present) are 11. Skin and Eye Irritation Data lines include, in
listed first, followed by the other elemental symbols in sequence, the tissue tested (skin or eye); the species of
alphabetical order. The formulas for compounds that do animal tested; the total dose and, where applicable, the
not contain carbon are ordered strictly alphabetically by duration of exposure; for skin tests only, whether open
element symbol. Compounds such as salts or those or occlusive; an interpretation of the irritation response
containing waters of hydration have molecular formulas severity when noted by the author; and the reference
incorporating the CAS dot-disconnect convention. In from which the information was extracted. Only
this convention, the components are listed individually positive irritation test results are included.
and separated by a period. The individual components Materials that are applied topically to the skin or to the
of the formula are given in order of decreasing carbon mucous membranes can elicit either (a) systemic effects
atom count, and the component ratios given. A of an acute or chronic nature or (b) local effects, more
lowercase “x” indicates that the ratio is unknown. A properly termed “primary irritation.” A primary irritant
lower case “n” indicates a repeating, polymer-like is a material that, if present in sufficient quantity for a
structure. The formula is obtained from one of the cited sufficient period of time, will produce a nonallergic,
references or a chemical reference text, or derived from inflammatory reaction of the skin or of the mucous
the name of the material. membrane at the site of contact. Primary irritants are
7. Molecular Weight (mw:) or atomic weight (aw:) is further limited to those materials that are not corrosive.
calculated from the molecular formula, using standard Hence, concentrated sulfuric acid is not classified as a
elemental molecular weights (carbon = 12.01). primary irritant.
8. Structural Formula is a line formula indicating the a. Primary Skin Irritation. In experimental animals, a
structure of a given material. primary skin irritant is defined as a chemical that
9. Properties (PROP:) are selected to be useful in produces an irritant response on first exposure in a
evaluating the hazard of a material and designing its majority of the test subjects. However, in some
proper storage and use procedures. A definition of the instances compounds act more subtly and require either
material is included where necessary. The physical repeated contact or special environmental conditions
description of the material may refer to the form, color, (humidity, temperature, occlusion, etc.) to produce a
and odor to aid in positive identification. When response.
available, the boiling point, melting point, density, vapor The most standard animal irritation test is the Draize
pressure, vapor density, and refractive index are given. procedure (Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental
The flash point, autoignition temperature, and lower Therapeutics, 82: 377(cid:238)419, 1944). This procedure has
and upper explosive limits are included to aid in fire been modified and adopted as a regulatory test by the
protection and control. An indication is given of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in 16
solubility or miscibility of the material in water and CFR 1500.41 (formerly 21 CFR 191.11). In this test a
common solvents. Unless otherwise indicated, known amount (0.5 mL of a liquid, or 0.5 g of a solid or
temperature is given in Celsius, pressure in millimeters semisolid) of the test material is introduced under a one-
of mercury. Levels identified as "IDLH:" indicate square-inch gauze patch. The patch is applied to the
concentrations that meet the definition of "immediately skin (clipped free of hair) of 12 albino rabbits. Six
dangerous to life or health concentrations" (IDLHs). rabbits are tested with intact skin and six with abraded
These are definded according to the NIOSH Respirator skin. The abrasions are minor incisions made through
Decision Logic (DHHS [NIOSH] Publication No. 87- the stratum corneum but are not sufficiently deep to
108, NTIS Publication No. PB-91-151183). It is a disturb the dermis or to produce bleeding. The patch is
situation "that poses a threat of exposure to airborne secured in place with adhesive tape, and the entire trunk
contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death of the animal is wrapped with an impervious material,
or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health such as rubberized cloth, for a 24-hour period. The
effects or prevent escape from such an environment." animal is immobilized during exposure. After 24 hours
10. Synonyms for the entry name are listed the patches are removed and the resulting reaction
alphabetically. Synonyms include other chemical names, evaluated for erythema, eschar, and edema formation.
common or generic names, foreign names (with the The reaction is again scored at the end of 72 hours (48
Introduction xiii
hours after the initial reading), and the two readings are the symbol “I” indicating intermittent exposure, for
averaged. A material producing any degree of positive example, 5 mg/6D-I.
reaction is cited as an irritant. The method of testing materials for primary skin
As the modified Draize procedure described irritation given in the Code of Federal Regulations does
previously has become the standard test specified by the not include an interpretation of the response. However,
U.S. government, nearly all of the primary skin irritation some authors do include a subjective rating of the
data either strictly adheres to the test protocol or irritation observed. If such a severity rating is given, it is
involves only simple modifications to it. When test included in the data line as mild (“MLD”), moderate
procedures other than those described previously are (“MOD”), or severe (“SEV”). The Draize procedure
reported in the literature, appropriate codes are included employs a rating scheme that is included here for
in the data line to indicate those deviations. informational purposes only, because other researchers
The most common modification is the lack of may not categorize irritation response in this manner.
occlusion of the test patch, so that the treated area is left b. Primary Eye Irritation. In experimental animals, a
open to the atmosphere. In such cases the notation primary eye irritant is defined as a chemical that
“open” appears in the irritation data line. Another produces an irritant response in the test subject on first
frequent modification involves immersion of the whole exposure. Eye irritation study procedures that Draize
arm or whole body in the test material or, more developed have been modified and adopted as a
commonly, in a dilute aqueous solution of the test regulatory test by CPSC in 16 CFR 1500.42. In this
material. This type of test is often conducted on soap procedure, a known amount of the test material (0.1 mL
and detergent solutions. Immersion data are identified of a liquid, or 100 mg of a solid or paste) is placed in
by the abbreviation “imm” in the data line. one eye of each of six albino rabbits; the other eye
The dose reported is based first on the lowest dose remains untreated, serving as a control. The eyes are not
producing an irritant effect and second on the latest washed after instillation and are examined at 24, 48, and
study published. The dose is expressed as follows: 72 hours for ocular reaction. After the recording of
(1) Single application by the modified Draize ocular reaction at 24 hours, the eyes may be further
procedure is indicated by only a dose amount. If no examined following the application of fluorescein. The
exposure time is given, then the data are for the eyes may also be washed with a sodium chloride
standard 72-hour test. For test times other than 72 solution (U.S.P. or equivalent) after the 24-hour reaction
hours, the dose data are given in milligrams (or another has been recorded.
appropriate unit)/duration of exposure, for example, 10 A test is scored positive if any of the following effects
mg/24H. are observed: (1) ulceration (besides fine stippling); (2)
opacity of the cornea (other than slight dulling of
Category Code Skin Reaction (Draize) normal luster); (3) inflammation of the iris (other than a
(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) (cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) (cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) slight deepening of the rugae or circumcorneal injection
Slight (Mild) MLD Well-defined erythema of the blood vessel); (4) swelling of the conjunctiva
and slight edema (edges (excluding the cornea and iris) with eversion of the
of area well defined by eyelid; or (5) a diffuse crimson-red color with individual
definite raising) vessels not clearly identifiable. A material is an eye
irritant if four of six rabbits score positive. It is
Moderate MOD Moderate-to-severe considered a nonirritant if none or only one of six
erythema and moderate edema (area animals exhibits irritation. If intermediate results are
raised approximately 1 mm) obtained, the test is performed again. Materials
producing any degree of irritation in the eye are
Severe SEV Severe erythema (beet identified as irritants. When an author has designated a
redness) to slight eschar substance as either a mild, moderate, or severe eye
formation (injuries in irritant, this designation is also reported.
depth) and severe dema The dose reported is based first on the lowest dose
(raised more than 1 mm and extending producing an irritant effect and second on the latest
beyond area of exposure) study published. Single and multiple applications are
(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) indicated as described previously under “Primary Skin
(2) Multiple applications involve administration of the Irritation.” Test times other than 72 hours are noted in
dose in divided portions applied periodically. The total the dose. All eye irritant test exposures are assumed to
dose of test material is expressed in milligrams (or be continuous, unless the reference states that the eyes
another appropriate unit)/duration of exposure, with
xiv Introduction
were washed after instillation. In this case, the notation of the species listed in Table 1 may be used. We have
“rns” (rinsed)is included in the data line. endeavored to include as much human data as possible,
Because Draize procedures for determining both skin since this information is directly applicable to
and eye irritation specify rabbits as the test species, most occupational exposure, much of which comes from
of the animal irritation data are for rabbits, although any studies conducted on volunteers (for example, for
TABLE 1. Species
(With assumptions for toxic dose calculation from nonspecific data*)
Consump (Approx. 1 ppm in Approximate
tion ) Food
Species Abbrev. Age Weight Food Water Equals, in Gestation Period
(g/day) (mL/day (mg/kg/day) (days)
)
Bird-type not specified brd 1 kg
Bird-wild bird species bwd 40 g
Cat, adult cat 2 kg 100 100 0.05 64 (59-68)
Child chd 1-13 Y 20 kg
Chicken, adult ckn 8 W 800 g 140 200 0.175
Cattle ctl 500 kg 10,000 0.02 284 (279-290)
Duck, adult (domestic) dck 8 W 2.5 kg 250 500 0.1
Dog, adult dog 52W 10 kg 250 500 0.025 62 (56-68)
Domesticanimals
(Goat, Sheep) dom 60 kg 2,400 0.04 G: 152 (148-156)
S:146(144-147)
Frog, adult frg 33 g
Guinea Pig, adult gpg 500 g 30 85 0.06 68
Gerbil grb 100 g 5 5 0.05 25 (24-26)
Hamster ham 14W 125 g 15 10 0.12 16 (16-17)
Human hmn Adult 70kg
Horse, Donkey hor 500 kg 10,000 0.02 H: 339 (333-345)
D:365
Infant inf 0-1 Y 5 kg
Mammal (species mam
unspeci-
fied in reference) 200 g
Man man Adult 70kg
Monkey mky 2.5 Y 5 kg 250 500 0.05 165
Mouse mus 8 W 25 g 3 5 0.12 21
Non-mammalianspecies nml
Pigeon pgn 8 W 500 g
Pig pig 60 kg 2,400 0.041 114 (112-115)
Quail (laboratory) qal 100 g
Rat, adult female rat 14W 200 g 10 20 0.05 22
Rat, adult male rat 14W 250 g 15 25 0.06
Rat, adult rat 14W 200 g 15 25
Rat, weanling rat 3 W 50 g 15 25 0.3
Rabbit, adult rbt 12 W 2 kg 60 330 0.03 31
Squirrel sql 500g 44
Toad tod 100g
Turkey trk 18 W 5 kg
Woman wmn Adult 50kg 270
*Values given inTable 1 are within reasonable limits usually found in the published literature and are selected to facilitate calculations
for data frompublications in which toxic dose information hasnotbeen presented for an individual animal ofthe study. See, for example,
Association of Food and Drug Officials, Quarterly Bulletin,volume 18, page 66, 1954; Guyton,American Journal of Physiology, volume 150, page 75,
1947;The Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th Edition, Merck&Co., Inc.,Rahway, NJ, 1979; and The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management
of Laboratory Animals, 4th Edition, Churchill Livingston, London, 1972. Data forlifetime exposure are calculated from the assumptions for
adult animals forthe entire periodof exposure. Fordefinitivedose data, the reader must review the referenced publication.
Introduction xv
cosmetic or soap ingredients) or from persons (5) The DNA Damage (dnd) System detects the
accidentally exposed. When accidental exposure, such as damage to DNA strands, including strand breaks,
a spill, is cited, the line includes the abbreviation “nse” crosslinks, and other abnormalities.
(nonstandard exposure). In these cases it is often very (6) The DNA Repair (dnr) System utilizes methods of
difficult to determine the precise amount of the material monitoring DNA repair as a function of induced genetic
to which the individual was exposed. Therefore, for damage.
accidental exposures an estimate of the concentration or (7) The Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (dns) System
strength of the material, rather than a total dose amount, detects the synthesis of DNA during usually
is generally provided. nonsynthetic phases.
12. Mutation Data lines include, in sequence, the (8) The DNA Inhibition (dni) System detects damage
mutation test system utilized, the species of the tested that inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
organism (and, where applicable, the route of (9) The Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination
administration or cell type), the exposure concentration (mrc) System utilizes unequal recovery of genetic
or dose, and the reference from which the information markers in the region of the exchange during genetic
was extracted. recombination.
A mutation is defined as any heritable change in (10) The Cytogenetic Analysis (cyt) System utilizes
genetic material. Unlike irritation, reproductive, cultured cells or cell lines to assay for chromosomal
tumorigenic, and toxic dose data, which report the aberrations following the administration of the
results of whole-animal studies, mutation data also chemical.
include studies on lower organisms such as bacteria, (11) The Sister Chromatid Exchange (sce) System
molds, yeasts, and insects, as well as in-vitro mammalian detects the interchange of DNA in cytological
cell cultures. Studies of plant mutagenesis are not preparations of metaphase chromosomes between
included. No attempt is made to evaluate the replication products at apparently homologous loci.
significance of the data or to rate the relative potency of (12) The Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction
the compound as a mutagenic risk to humans. (sln) System measures the nonseparation of homologous
Each element of the mutation line is discussed as chromosomes at meiosis and mitosis.
follows: (13) The Dominant Lethal Test (dlt). A dominant
a. Mutation Test System. Several test systems are used to lethal is a genetic change in a gamete that kills the zygote
detect genetic alterations caused by chemicals. produced by that gamete. In mammals, the dominant
Additional test systems may be added as they are lethal test measures the reduction of litter size by
reported in the literature. Each test system is identified examining the uterus and noting the number of
by the three-letter code shown in parentheses. For surviving and dead implants.
additional information about mutation tests, the reader (14) The Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (msc)
may wish to consult the Handbook of Mutagenicity Test System utilizes the induction and isolation of mutants in
Procedures, edited by B.J. Kilbey, M. Legator, W. Nichols, cultured mammalian cells by identification of the gene
and C. Ramel (Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific change.
Publishing Company/North-Holland Biomedical Press, (15) The Host-Mediated Assay (hma) System uses two
1977). separate species, generally mammalian and bacterial, to
(1) The Mutation in Microorganisms (mmo) System detect heritable genetic alteration caused by metabolic
utilizes the detection of heritable genetic alterations in conversion of chemical substances administered to host
microorganisms that have been exposed directly to the mammalian species in the bacterial indicator species.
chemical. (16) The Sperm Morphology (spm) System measures
(2) The Microsomal Mutagenicity Assay (mma) System the departure from normal in the appearance of sperm.
utilizes an in-vitro technique that allows enzymatic (17) The Heritable Translocation Test (trn) measures
activation of promutagens in the presence of an the transmissibility of induced translocations to
indicator organism in which induced mutation subsequent generations. In mammals, the test uses
frequencies are determined. sterility and reduced fertility in the progeny of the
(3) The Micronucleus Test (mnt) System utilizes the treated parent. In addition, cytological analysis of the F1
fact that chromosomes or chromosome fragments may progeny or subsequent progeny of the treated parent is
not be incorporated into one or the other of the carried out to prove the existence of the induced
daughter nuclei during cell division. translocation. In Drosophila, heritable translocations are
(4) The Specific Locus Test (slt) System utilizes a detected genetically using easily distinguishable
method for detecting and measuring rates of mutation at phenotypic markers, and these translocations can be
any or all of several recessive loci. verified with cytogenetic techniques.
xvi Introduction
(18) The Oncogenic Transformation (otr) System For in-vivo mutagenic studies, the route of
utilizes morphological criteria to detect cytological administration is specified following the species
differences between normal and transformed designation, for example, “mus-orl” for oral
tumorigenic cells. administration to mice. See Table 2 for a complete list
(19) The Phage Inhibition Capacity (pic) System of routes cited. The route of administration is not
utilizes a lysogenic virus to detect a change in the specified for in-vitro data.
genetic characteristics by the transformation of the virus Designation Cell Type
from noninfectious to infectious. (cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) (cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)
(20) The Body Fluid Assay (bfa) System uses two ast Ascites tumor
separate species, usually mammalian and bacterial. The bmr bone marrow
test substance is first administered to the host, from emb embryo
whom body fluid (for example, urine, blood) is fbr fibroblast
subsequently taken. This body fluid is then tested in- hla HeLa cell
vitro, and mutations are measured in the bacterial kdy kidney
species. leu leukocyte
b. Species. Those test species that are peculiar to lng lung
mutation data are designated by the three-letter codes as lvr liver
follows: lym lymphocyte
mmr mammary gland
Code Species ovr ovary
(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) (cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582)(cid:582) spr sperm
Bacteria bcs Bacillus subtilis tes testis
esc Escherichia coli oth other cell types not listed above
hmi Haemophilus influenzae c. Units of Exposure. The lowest dose producing a
klp Klebsiella pneumoniae positive effect is cited. The author's calculations are used
sat Salmonella typhimurium to determine the lowest dose at which a positive effect
srm Serratia marcescens was observed. If the author fails to state the lowest
Molds asn Aspergillus nidulans effective dose, two times the control dose will be used.
nsc Neurospora crassa Ideally, the dose should be reported in universally
Yeasts smc Saccharomyces cerevisiae accepted toxicological units such as milligrams of test
ssp Schizosaccharomyces pombe chemical per kilogram of test animal body weight.
Protozoa clr Chlamydomonas reinhardi Although this is possible in cases where the actual intake
Eug Euglena gracilis of the chemical by an organism of known weight is
omi other microorganisms reported, it is not possible in many systems using insect
Insects dmg Drosophila and bacterial species. In cases where a dose is reported
melanogaster or where the amount can be converted to a dose unit, it
dpo Drosophila pseudo-obscura is normally listed as milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
grh grasshopper However, micrograms (æg), nanograms (ng), or
slw silkworm picograms (pg) per kilogram may also be used for
oin other insects convenience of presentation. Concentrations of gaseous
Fish sal salmon materials in air are listed as parts per hundred (pph), per
ofs other fish million (ppm), per billion (ppb), or per trillion (ppt).
If the test organism is a cell type from a mammalian Test systems using microbial organisms traditionally
species, the parent mammalian species is reported, report exposure data as an amount of chemical per liter
followed by a dash and the cell type designation. For (L) or amount per plate, well, disc, or tube. The amount
example, human leukocytes are coded “hmn-leu.” The may be on a weight (g, mg, æg, ng, or pg) or molar
various cell types currently cited in this edition are as (millimole (mmol), micromole (æmol), nanomole
follows: (nmol), or picomole (pmol)). These units describe the
In the case of host-mediated and body-fluid assays, exposure concentration rather than the dose actually
both the host organism and the indicator organism are taken up by the test species. Insufficient data currently
given as follows: host organism/indicator organism, for exist to permit the development of dose amounts from
example, “ham/sat” for a test in which hamsters were this information. In such cases, therefore, the material
exposed to the test chemical and S. typhimurium was used concentration units that the author used are reported.
as the indicator organism.
Introduction xvii
Because the exposure values reported in host- section.
mediated and body-fluid assays are doses delivered to All toxic-dose data appearing in the CD-ROM are
the host organism, no attempt is made to estimate the derived from reports of the toxic effects produced by
exposure concentration to the indicator organism. The individual materials. For human data, a toxic effect is
exposure values cited forhost-mediated assay data arein defined as any reversible or irreversible noxious effect
units of milligrams (or other appropriate units of on the body, any benign or malignant tumor, any
weight) of material administered per kilogram of host teratogenic effect, or any death that has been reported
body weight, or in parts of vapor or gas per million to have resulted from exposure to a material via any
(ppm) parts of air (or other appropriate concentrations) route. For humans, a toxic effect is any effect that was
by volume. reported in the source reference. There is no qualifying
13. Toxicity Dose Data lines include, in sequence, the limitation on the duration of exposure or for the
route of exposure; the species of animal studied; the quantity or concentration of the material, nor is there a
toxicity measure; the amount of material per body qualifying limitation on the circumstances that resulted
weight or concentration per unit of air volume and, in the exposure. Regardless of the absurdity of the
where applicable,the durationofexposure; a descriptive circumstances that were involved in a toxic exposure, it
notation of the type of effect reported; and the is assumed thatthe same circumstances could recur. For
reference from which the information was extracted. animal data, toxic effects are limited to the production
Only positive toxicity test results are cited in this of tumors, benign (neoplastigenesis) or malignant
Table 2. Routes of Administration to, or Exposure of, Animal Species to Toxic Substances
(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)
Route Abbreviation Definition
(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)
Eyes eye Administration directly onto the surface of the eye. Used exclusively
for primary irritation data. See Ocular.
Intraaural ial Administration into the ear
Intraarterial iat Administration into the artery
Intracerebral ice Administration into the cerebrum
Intracervical icv Administration into the cervix
Intradermal idr Administration within the dermis by hypodermic needle
Intraduodenal idu Administration into the duodenum
Inhalation ihl Inhalation in chamber, by cannulation, or through mask
Implant imp Placed surgically within the body location described in reference
Intramuscular ims Administration into the muscle by hypodermic needle
Intraplacental ipc Administration into the placenta
Intrapleural ipl Administration into the pleural cavity by hypodermic needle
Intraperitoneal ipr Administration into the peritoneal cavity
Intrarenal irn Administration into the kidney
Intraspinal isp Administration into the spinal canal
Intratracheal itr Administration into the trachea
Intratesticular itt Administration into the testes
Intrauterine iut Administration into the uterus
Intravaginal ivg Administration into the vagina
Intravenous ivn Administration directly into the vein by hypodermic needle
Multiple mul Administration into a single animal by more than one route
Ocular ocu Administration directly onto the surface of the eye or into the
conjunctival sac. Used exclusively for systemic toxicity data.
Oral orl Per os, intragastric, feeding,or introduction with drinking water
Parenteral par Administration into the body through the skin.
Reference cited is not specific about the route used.
Could be ipr, scu, ivn, ipl, ims, irn, or ice.
Rectal rec Administration into the rectum or colon in the form of enema or suppository
Subcutaneous scu Administration under the skin
Skin skn Application directly onto the skin, either intact or abraded.
Used for both systemic toxicity and primary irritant effects.
Unreported unr Dose, but not route, is specified in the reference.
(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)(cid:326)