Table Of ContentPurchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Satellite Thermal Control
for Systems Engineers
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
This page intentionally left blank
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Satellite Thermal Control
for Systems Engineers
Robert D. Karam
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Volume 181
PROGRESS IN
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS
Paul Zarchan, Editor-in-Chief
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Published by the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191-4344
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
54321
Copyright © 1998 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. Printed in the United
States of America. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law without the permission of the copyright
owner is unlawful. The code following this statement indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies
of articles in this volume may be made for personal or internal use, on condition that the copier pay the
per-copy fee ($2.00) plus the per-page fee ($0.50) through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying,
for which permission requests should be addressed to the publisher. Users should employ the following
code when reporting copying from the volume to the Coypright Clearance Center:
1-56347-276-7/98 $2.50 + .50
Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsible
for any injury or damage resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA warrant that use or reliance will be
free from privately owned rights.
ISBN 1-56347-276-7
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
To my wife,
Maggie
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
This page intentionally left blank
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Editor-in-Chief
Paul Zarchan
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
Editorial Board
Richard G. Bradley Leroy S. Fletcher
Lockheed Martin Fort Worth Company Texas A&M University
William Brandon Alien E. Fuhs
MITRE Corporation Carmel, California
Clarence B. Cohen Ira D. Jacobson
Redondo Beach, California Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Luigi De Luca John L. Junkins
Politechnico di Milano, Italy Texas A&M University
Philip D. Hattis Pradip M. Sagdeo
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. University of Michigan
Vigor Yang
Pennsylvania State University
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
This page intentionally left blank
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1. Satellite Temperature and Thermal Energy Management . . 1
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
II. Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
III. Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
IV. Relation Between Heating and Temperature:
Method of Thermal Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
V. Thermal Interface Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
Chapter 2. Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
I. Introduction...................................... 13
II. Radiation ....................................... 13
III. Conduction ...................................... 21
IV. Convection ...................................... 32
V. Combined Modes of Heat Transfer ...................... 38
Chapter 3. Radiation in Thermal Control..................... 45
I. Introduction...................................... 45
II. Radiation Intensity and Exchange Factors ................. 45
III. Satellite Enclosures ................................ 56
IV. Optical Properties .................................. 58
Chapter 4. Heating Fluxes................................ 67
I. Introduction...................................... 67
II. Ground Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
III. Ascent Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68
IV. Orbit Environment Heating Fluxes ...................... 71
V. Orbit Normal Incident Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
VI. Charged Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
Chapter 5. Satellite Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
I. Introduction...................................... 91
II. Thermal Energy Equation ............................ 92
III. Thermal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
IV. Approximate Analytical Solutions ..................... 106
V. Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123
Chapter 6. Thermal Control Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147
I. Introduction..................................... 147
II. Multilayered Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147
IX
