Satellite Communication Engineering

270 Pages·2002·1.772 MB·English

by  Michael O. Kolawole

Satellite
Communication
Engineering
Michael O. Kolawole
Jolade Pty. Ltd.
Melbourne,Australia
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York Basel
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This book is dedicated to my families in Australia and Nigeria
for their belief in and support for me.
The joy of family is divine.
For this I am eternally blessed and grateful.
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Series Introduction
Over the past 50 years, digital signal processing has evolved as a major
engineering discipline. The fields of signal processing have grown from the
origin of fast Fourier transform and digital filter design to statistical spectral
analysis and array processing, image, audio, and multimedia processing, and
shaped developments in high-performance VLSI signal processor design.
Indeed,therearefewfieldsthatenjoysomanyapplications—signalprocessing
is everywhere in our lives.
When one uses a cellular phone, the voice is compressed, coded, and
modulatedusingsignalprocessingtechniques.Asacruisemissilewindsalong
hillsides searching for the target, the signal processor is busy processing the
imagestakenalongtheway.WhenwearewatchingamovieinHDTV,millions
of audio and video data ar being sent to our homes and received with
unbelievable fidelity. When scientists compare DNA samples, fast pattern
recognition techniques are being used. On and on, one can see the impact of
signal processing in almost every engineering and scientific discipline.
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Because of the immense importance of signal processing and the fast-
growing demands of business and industry, this series on signal processing
servestoreportup-to-datedevelopmentsandadvancesinthefield.Thetopics
of interest include but are not limited to the following.
(cid:1) Signal theory and analysis
(cid:1) Statistical signal processing
(cid:1) Speech and audio processing
(cid:1) Image and video processing
(cid:1) Multimedia signal processing and technology
(cid:1) Signal processing for communications
(cid:1) Signal processing architectures and VLSI design
Ihopethisserieswill provide theinterestedaudiencewithhigh-quality,state-
of-the-art signal processing literature through research monographs, edited
books, and rigorously written textbooks by experts in their fields.
K. J. Ray Liu
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Preface
Satellite communication is one of the most impressive spin-offs from space
programs, and has made a major contribution to the pattern of international
communications. The engineering aspect of satellite communications
combines such diverse topics as antennas, radio wave propagation, signal
processing, data communication, modulation, detection, coding, filtering,
orbital mechanics, and electronics. Each is a major field of study and each
hasitsownextensiveliterature.SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringempha-
sizes the relevant material from these areas that is important to the book’s
subjectmatterandderivesequationsthatthereadercanfollowandunderstand.
The aim of this book is to present in a simple and concise manner the
fundamental principles common to the majority of information communica-
tions systems. Mastering the basic principles permits moving on to concrete
realizations without great difficulty. Throughout, concepts are developed
mostly on an intuitive, physical basis, with further insight provided by
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
meansofacombinationofapplicationsandperformancecurves.Problemsets
areprovidedfor thoseseekingadditional training. Starredsections containing
basicmathematicaldevelopmentmaybeskippedwithnolossofcontinuityby
those seeking only a qualitative understanding. The book is intended for
electrical, electronics, and communication engineering students, as well as
practicing engineerswishing to familiarize themselveswith the broad field of
information transmission, particularly satellite communications.
The first of the book’s eight chapters covers the basic principles of
satellite communications, including message security (cryptology).
Chapter2discussesthetechnicalfundamentalsforsatellitecommunica-
tionsservices,whichdonotchangeasrapidlyastechnologyandprovidesthe
reader with the tools necessary for calculation of basic orbit characteristics
such as period, dwell time, and coverage area; antenna system specifications
such as type, size, beam width, and aperture-frequency product; and power
system design. The system building blocks comprising satellite transponder
and system design procedure are also described. While acknowledging that
systems engineering is a discipline on its own, it is my belief that the reader
will gain a broad understanding of system engineering design procedure,
accumulated from my experience in large, complex turnkey projects.
Earthstation,whichformsthevitalpartoftheoverallsatellitesystem,is
the central theme of Chapter 3. The basic intent of data transmission is to
provide quality transfer of information from the source to the receiver with
minimum error due to noise in the transmission channel. To ensure quality
information requires smart signal processing technique (modulation) and
efficient use of system bandwidth (coding, discussed extensively in Chapter
6). The most popular forms of modulation employed in digital communica-
tions,suchasBPSK,QPSK,OQPSK,and8-PSK,arediscussedtogetherwith
their performance criteria (BER). Anoverviewof information theoryisgiven
to enhance the reader’s understanding of how maximum data can be trans-
mitted reliably over the communication medium. Chapter 3 concludes by
describing a method for calculating system noise temperature and the items
that facilitate primary terrestrial links to and from the Earth stations.
Chapter4discussestheprocessofdesigningandcalculatingthecarrier-
to-noiseratioasameasureofthesystemperformancestandard.Thequalityof
signals received by the satellite transponder and that retransmitted and
received by the receiving earth station is important if successful information
transfer via the satellite is to be achieved. Within constraints of transmitter
power and information channel bandwidth, a communication system must be
designed to meet certain minimum performance standards. The most impor-
tant performance standard is ratio of the energy bit per noise density in the
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
information channel, which carries the signals in a format in which they are
delivered to the end users.
Tobroadcastvideo,data,and=oraudiosignalsoverawideareatomany
users,asingletransmissiontothesatelliteisrepeatedandreceivedbymultiple
receivers. While this might be a common application of satellites, there are
otherswhichmayattempttoexploittheuniquecapacityofasatellitemedium
to create an instant network and connectivity between any points within its
view.Toexploitthisgeometricadvantage,itisnecessarytocreateasystemof
multiple accesses in which many transmitters can use the same satellite
transponder simultaneously. Chapter 5 discusses the sharing techniques
called multiple access. Sharing can be in many formats, such as sharing the
transponder bandwidth in separate frequency slots (FDMA), sharing the
transponder availability in time slots (TDMA), or allowing coded signals to
overlap in time and frequency (CDMA). The relative performance of these
sharing techniques is discussed.
Chapter6explorestheuseoferror-correcting codes inanoisycommu-
nication environment, and how transmission error can be detected and
correction effected using the forward error correction (FEC) methods,
namely, the linear block and convolutional coding techniques. Examples are
sparingly used as illustrative tools to explain the FEC techniques.
The regulation that covers satellite networks occurs on three levels:
international, regional, and national. Chapter 7 discusses the interaction
among these three regulatory levels.
Customer’s demands for personalized services and mobility, as well as
provision of standardized system solutions, have caused the proliferation of
telecommunications systems. Chapter 8 examines basic mobile-satellite-
system services and their interaction with land-based backbone networks—in
particular the integrated service digital network (ISDN). Since the services
covered by ISDN should also, in principle, be provided by digital satellite
network, it is necessary to discuss in some detail the basic architecture of
ISDN as well as its principal functional groups in terms of reference
configurations, applications, and protocols. Chapter 8 concludes by briefly
lookingatcellularmobilesystem,includingcellassignmentandinternetwork-
ingprinciples,aswellastechnologicalobstaclestoprovidingefficientInternet
access over satellite links.
TheinspirationforwritingSatelliteCommunicationEngineeringcomes
partly from my students who have wanted me to share the wealth of my
experience acquired over the years and to ease their burden in understanding
the fundamental principles of satellite communications.Avery specialthanks
gotomydarlingwife,Dr.MarjorieHelenKolawole,whoactivelyremindsme
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.