Sandalwood (Santalum album)

63 Pages·2013·1.83 MB·English

INAFOR 11P-031
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIAN FORESTRY
RESEARCHERS (INAFOR)

Sandalwood (Santalum album) Foliage Morphological Variation of
Various Provenances

Ari Fiani and Yuliah

The Center for Research on Biotechnology and Tree Improvement
Jl. Tentara Pelajar Km.15 Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55582, INDONESIA

Poster paper prepared for
The First International Conference of Indonesian Forestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Bogor, 5 – 7 December 2011

INAFOR SECRETARIAT
Sub Division of Dissemination, Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor 16610
Sandalwood (Santalum album) Foliage Morphological Variation of
Various Provenances
Ari Fiani and Yuliah
The Center for Research on Biotechnology and Tree Improvement
Jl. Tentara Pelajar Km.15 Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55582, INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
The research of Santalum album foliage morphological variation had been conducted by
Research Center of Plantation Forest, Yogyakarta, in November 2011. Leaves‘ samples were
collected from an ex-situ conservation plot of Santalum album in Watusipat, Gunung Kidul.
Observation was done toward 14 sandalwood provenances, of which five individual trees were
chosen. The next step was to choose ten fully-developed pieces of leaves of each individual tree.
The morphological observation of the leaves included the following dimensions: length of the
leaf, length of the leaf base (petiole), wide of the leaf, shape of the leaf, edge shape of the leaf,
shape of the leaf base, shape of the leaf end, and leaf color, both up and down sides. The result
indicated that there were differences in the foliage morphology among the provenances. The
biggest size of leaf was in Provenace P5, while the smallest one was in provenance P10. The
shape variations were between ovalis and oblongus. The leaf colors were between bright-green,
green, old-green, and yellowish green. The edge of the leaf varied between flat and wavy, while
their colors were between yellowish green and brownish red.

Keywords: Sandalwood (Santalum album), leaves, morphology, provenance
1. INTRODUCTION
Sandalwood (Santalum album) is a plant that grows naturally in Indonesia, especially in
East Nusa Tenggara. Sandalwood scent that has wood paneling on many craft used as raw
materials, cosmetics industry, medicine and used in traditional ceremonies. Excessive exploitation
of sandalwood and the lack of rehabilitation causing decreasing population. IUCN red list
defined sandalwood as a species that is Vulnerable A1d ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2011).
One of the research activities conducted at the Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree
Improvement Yogyakarta is the construction and maintenance of ex situ conservation of
sandalwood that aims to provide the genetic material for breeding.
Selection is a basic activity of plant breeding programs. The success of plant breeding
efforts is highly dependent on the availability of a genetic basis with a wide variety. Variation
within species of plant can be caused by different geographical circumstances. Species obtained
from areas that are separated by long distances often show a different morphology. Observers
can identify the source of the seed of a species based on morphological special characteristics
(Zobel, B., and Talbert, 1984). Although it is difficult to find a relationship between genotype and
phenotype with morphological markers, but the morphological characters of plants is one of the
factors to be considered in the selection of plants. Morphological markers are usually using the
properties of expressed in the phenotype of a species such as form, location, size and color of the
vegetative and generative plant. Phenotype is an expression of the interaction between the
genotype with the environment in which it grows. Morphological traits are generally controlled
by multiple genes and environmental factors that are complex. But then the recessive gene is not
expressed in heterozygous individuals. This observation aims to determine the morphological
diversity of sandalwood leaves collected from different provenances that have been planted in the
ex- situ conservation of sandalwood at Watusipat, Gunung Kidul.
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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Time and Location
Sampling was conducted on sandalwood leaves in the Forest Research Watusipat,
Gunungkidul. Observations were conducted during October 2011 at the Center for Forest
Biotechnology and Tree Improvement, Purwobinangun, Yogyakarta.
2.2 Material
Observations made of sandalwood plant population were 9 years old in the Watusipat
Forest Research, Gunungkidul. Population representing 14 provenances of sandalwood from
different distribution in East Nusa Tenggara and Java. The information about the 14
provenances was as follows:
Table 1. Provenance (origin source of sandalwood seed)
No. Provenances
1 Omtel, Teluk Mutiara, Alor, dpl 690 m
2 Aen Ut, South Mollo , South Center Timor, Timor, 700 m dpl
3 Hambala, Kopeta, Waingapu, East Sumba District, Sumba, 210 mdpl
4 Katikutana, West Sumba District, Sumba.
5 Waisika, Northeast Alor, Alor, 30 m dpl
6 Pailelang, Southwest Alor, Alor, 55 m dpl
7 Kuma‘, South Mollo, South Center Timor, Timor, 710 m dpl
8 Polen, South Mollo , South Center Timor, Timor, 480 m dpl
9 Karang Mojo, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
10 Oenlasi, South Amanatun, South Center Timor, Timor, 850 m dpl
11 Haumeni, South Amanatun, South Center Timor, Timor, 930 m dpl
12 Snok, North Amanatun, South Center Timor, Timor, 240 m dpl
13 Noemuti, Easth Miomafo, North Center Timor, Timor, 320 m dpl
14 Bu‘at, South Mollo, South Center Timor, Timor, 810 m dpl

2.3 Research Methods
Sampling was done by purposive sampling plants based on differences in leaf phenotype.
Of each provenance selected 5 trees, and then from each selected tree was taken 10 leaves which
have developed perfectly. The observed leaf morphology including the length of the leaf, leaf
width, long leaf stalk (petiole), leaf form, leaf edge form, the form of the tip, the base of the leaf,
the leaf color on the top and bottom surface. Determination of leaf form, form the edge, tip and
base of the leaf based on guidelines from the determination of plant morphology in
Tjitrosoepomo (1999). Observational data presented in the form of leaf morphological
descriptions of sandalwood from different provenances.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSION
The results of observations of measured data from sandalwood leaves presented in table
2.

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Table 2. The average of length, width, and length of petioles of sandalwood leaves
Provenance Leaf Lenght Leaf Widht Petiole Lenght
(cm) (cm) (cm)
Omtel 6.122 2.458 0.938
Aen Ut 5.748 2.408 0.866
Hambala 6.336 2.594 1.008
Katikutana 7.23 2.828 1.132
Waisika 7.798 3.524 0.958
Pailelang 6.218 2.782 1.00
Kuma` 5.998 2.500 0.92
Polen 6.69 2.604 0.87
Karang Mojo 5.184 2.182 0.947
Oenlasi 5.472 2.404 0.882
Haumeni 6.114 2.674 0.80
Snok 6.022 2.494 0.926
Noemuti 5.482 2.450 0.856
Bu`at 5.328 2.268 0.79

While the shape and color of the leaves presented in Table 2.
Tabel 2. shape and colour of sandalwood leaves.
Form Color
Provenance Whole Edge Leaf tip Base leaf Top surface Bottom surface Edge
leaf
Omtel Ov-ob FW pointed pointed Lg-G-Dg Lg-G-Dg Gy-Br
Ane Ut Ov-ob FW pointed pointed G-Dg G-Dg Gy-Br
Hambala Ov-ob F pointed pointed G-Dg-Yg G-Dg Gy-Br
Katikutana Ov-ob FW pointed pointed G-Yg G-Dg Gy-Br
Waisika Ov-ob FW pointed pointed Lg-G-Dg-Yg Lg-G-Dg Gy-Br
Pailelang Ov-ob FW pointed pointed G-Dg-Yg G-Dg-Yg Gy-Br
Kuma` Ov-ob FW pointed pointed G-Dg-Yg G-Dg Gy-Br
Polen Ov-ob FW pointed pointed Lg-G-Yg Lg-G Gy-Br
Karang Mojo Ov-ob FW pointed pointed G-Yg G-Yg Gy
Oenlasi Ov-ob F pointed pointed G-Yg G-Yg Gy-Br
Haumeni Ov-ob FW pointed pointed Lg-G-Dg-Yg Lg-G-Dg-Yg Gy-Br
Snok Ov-ob FW pointed pointed Yg G-Yg Gy-Br
Noemuti Ov-ob FW pointed pointed G-Yg Lg-G-Yg Gy
Bu`at Ov-ob F pointed pointed G-Ga-Yg Ga-G-Yg Gy-Br
Notes: Ov = Ovals; Ob = Oblongs; F = Flate; W= Wavy; Lg = Light green; G = Green; Dg = Dark green; Yg = Yellowish green; Gy =
Greenish yellow; Br = Brownish red.
Table 1 and 2 show the differences between 14 provenances of sandalwood, each
provenance has own characteristic appearance viewed from the leaves. The measurement results
indicate that leaf size varies, where the length of the leaves ranged between 5.184 to 7.798 cm and
the width of leaves ranged between 2.182 to 3.524 cm. Provenance with the smallest leaf size is
Karang Mojo with 5.184 cm (length) and 2.182 cm (width), while the provenance with the
greatest leaf size is Waisika with 7.798 cm (length) and 3.524 cm (width). The length of petiole
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varies from 0.79 cm (Polen) up to 1.132 cm (Katikutana). Comparison between length and width
of leaves will determine the form of the leaves of each provenance. For all provenances there are
variations in leaf form ovals to oblongs. Variation occurs both among leaves within each
individual and between individuals within provenances. Variations in leaf form and size presented
in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Variation of form and size of sandalwood leaves
Table 2 shows there is no variation in the structure of the leaves, especially on the tip and
base of leaf form. Observations show that all provenance have pointed leaf on tip and base.
While the form of leaves varies between flat and wavy. Variations also occur both among leaves
in a single individual, among individuals within provenances and among provenances. Hambala,
Haumeni and Bu`at have the form of flat leaf edges, whereas the other provenances have the
edge leaves that vary from flat to wavy. Variations in leaf color and form of the leaf edges
presented in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Variations in colors and form of the leaves edges of sandalwood
A Variation that can be immediately seen other than the size of the leaf is the leaf color.
Some provenances have dark-green leaves while the others have yellowish-green leaves.
Observations of variations in leaf top and bottom surface color showing the variation of light
green, green, dark-green or yellowish-green. Katikutana, Oenlasi, Haumeni, Snok and Neomuti
have a yellowish-green leaf color, which is different then the others provenances.

Figure 3: Color variation on the leaves edge
The edge of sandalwood leaf has a different color from the center of the leaf. The leaf
edge formed line around leaf (Fig 3). Observations show that the edge of the leaf color varies
from greenish-yellow to brownish-red. In the same leaf, encountered the different color of edge
leaf, such as red-brownish, reddish in leaf tip but greenish-yellow in base leaf, or totally yellow.
Although there are variations in the individual, but there are two provenances (Karang Mojo and
Noemuti) have greenish-yellow edge color leaf, while the others have red-brownish color. In
term of color variation, it needs to analyze soil nutrient content in which the plant grows.
Deficiency or excess of certain elements will affect the colors of the leaves.
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4. CONCLUSION
 There are variations in leaf size between provenances. Karang Mojo has a size of the smallest leaf
length (5.184 cm) and width (2.182 cm). While the Waisika has the largest leaf size with a length of
7.798 cm and 3.524 cm in width. The length of petiole ranged between 0.79 cm (Bu`at) to 1.132 cm
(Katikutana).
 All provenances have the form of leaves varied between ovals and oblongs. There are three
provenances (Hambala, Oenlasi, and Bu`at), which have flat leaf edges form; whereas the others have
the form flat to wavy. There is no variation between provenances in the character of the tip and base
of the leaf.
 The color of the top and bottom surfaces of leaves varies from light- green, green, dark-green and
yellowish green. The edges of the leaves on two provenances (Karang Mojo and Noemuti) are
yellowish-green, while others provenances have a yellowish-green to brownish-red.
REFERENCES
IUCN, (2011): The IUCN Red List of Treatned Species.
www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search. Downloaded at November, 29, 2011.
Tjitrosoepomo, G (1999): Morfologi Tumbuhan. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Zobel, B and Talbert, J (1984): Applied Forest Tree Improvement. John Wiley and Sons, Canada.

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INAFOR 11P-032
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIAN FORESTRY
RESEARCHERS (INAFOR)

Towards Collaboratively-Managed Protected Area in Indonesia:
The Case of Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan

Tri Wira Yuwati

Forestry Research Institute of Banjarbaru
Jl. Ahmad Yani Km 28.7 Landasan Ulin, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 70711, INDONESIA
Corresponding email: [email protected]

Poster paper prepared for
The First International Conference of Indonesian Forestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Bogor, 5 – 7 December 2011

INAFOR SECRETARIAT
Sub Division of Dissemination, Publication and Library
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor 16610
Towards Collaboratively-Managed Protected Area in Indonesia:
The Case of Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan
Tri Wira Yuwati
Forestry Research Institute of Banjarbaru
Jl. Ahmad Yani Km 28.7 Landasan Ulin, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 70711, INDONESIA
Corresponding email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Protected area management in less-developed areas is a complex matter because, being
driven by poverty, local human populations often rely primarily on natural resources that are
found in protected areas. Sebangau National Park is an area of 568,700 ha that holds one of the
largest known remaining orangutan (Pongo pigmaeus) populations; located in the southern part of
Central Kalimantan Province; and serves as one of the last remaining peat swamp forests in
Kalimantan. Managing Sebangau is a complex matter due to the high dependency of local people
in 46 villages surrounding Sebangau to the resources as their livelihood. Collaborative
management is seen as a mechanism to overcome overlapping land use in protected areas. This
paper presented the experiences of Sebangau national park management in implementing
community development programs towards local people and pictured responses of the people
towards the programs carried out by the park authority and NGOs working in the area.

Keywords: Collaborative management, protected area, Sebangau, national park, Central
Kalimantan
1. INTRODUCTION
Forest area of Sebangau was appointed as National Park through The Ministry of
Forestry Decree No. 423/ Menhut-II/2004; covers an area of 568,700 ha that holds one of the
largest known remaining orangutan populations in the world and was gazette by the government
of Indonesia in October 2004. It is located in the southern part of Central Kalimantan Province,
between the Sebangau and Katingan rivers, and serves as one of the last remaining peat swamp
forests in Kalimantan. Administratively, Sebangau national park is part of Katingan district
(52%), Pulang Pisau (38%) and City of Palangkaraya (10%). There are 46 villages surrounding
Sebangau. The park designation was supported by Pulang Pisau district alone; the other two
districts are waiting for the Central Kalimantan Provincial Spatial Planning to be agreed.

Box 1.The reason of Sebangau designation as national park
(MoF-WWF, 2004)
“The failure of the “million hectares peat land for paddy field” gave us a

tough lesson: we should opt for sustainable development strategies that put the
environmental issues up front in importance. Saving Sebangau is important for
both local community livelihoods and orang utan conservation; the two are linked”

Drs. H. Asmawi Agani
Former Governor of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Even after 6 years of its designation, there are still disagreement and different perceptions
regarding the park boundary and park existence among stakeholders. The designation as a
National Park has altered the livelihood of population surrounding Sebangau. In order to
decrease the pressures of the local people who have high dependency on natural resources inside
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the park, the park manager and NGO‘s working in the area have conducted community
development programs for the population surrounding Sebangau. This paper presented the
experiences of Sebangau national park management in implementing community development
programs towards local people and pictured responses of the people towards the programs
carried out by the park authority and NGOs working in the area
2. METHODS
The data was collected from traditional village of Baun Bango, Katingan district. The
community development programs implementation towards local people in this village and the
responses of those people to the programs were asked through participant observations, personal
semi structured interviews and focus group discussion.
3. RESULTS
3.1 The History of Sebangau National Park
The history of Sebangau designation as national park was closely related to many aspects
and interests in Central Kalimantan. Sebangau area was known for one of the remaining tropical
peat swamp forest in the world with very important function as habitat of orang utan (Pongo
pigmaeus) and unique peat swamp forest plant species. According to a study commissioned by
WWF-Indonesia, carried out by Center for International Cooperation in Management of Tropical
Peat Land), the peat swamp forest in Sebangau is a home to at least 106 species of birds, 35
species of mammals, and several sub-types of forest such as riparian forest, mixed swamp forest,
transition forest, tall interior forest, and mixed forest from granite and low pole forest. The peat
swamp forest functions as a giant sponge where it can absorb water in the rainy season and
supply water in dry season.
In the 1990‘s during Soeharto era there was The Mega Rice project aimed at converting
one million hectares of peat swamp forest into paddy fields in Central Kalimantan.
Unfortunately, the project was a big failure, resulting in high input yet low output result.
Moreover, the degraded peat swamp forest was causing new problem to escalate: forest fire in dry
season and flood in rainy season due to the irreversible character of peat soil. Lesson learned
from the failure of mega rice project in Central Kalimantan has increased people‘s awareness not
to convert peat swamp forest into another land use.
Unfortunately, habitat fragmentation, illegal logging, forest conversion into palm oil
plantation and forest fires continued to threaten the survival of the park. These threats and illegal
trade have contributed to the decline of orangutan population in Sebangau National Park from
almost 13,000 to 6,900 individuals between 1996 and 2003. Before designated as national park,
the status of Sebangau forest was production forest and limited production forest (Central
Kalimantan Provincial Spatial Planning 2003). Inside this park, there are hundreds of canals
which were made when logging was still operating. Those canals were made by people whom
then sold them or rent them to the logging companies as logging transportation. As a result,
water level could not be controlled and the peat was easily got burnt.
The designation of the park was supported by the head of Katingan district (district
government decree No. 522.51/696/EK 1 October 2003, the head of Pulang Pisau district
(district government decree No. 119/520/EK January 2003). Although given a legalized support,
the head of Katingan district did not state the wide of the park in his area. The government of
Kota Palangkaraya has not given support due to the overlapping land use and demanded to
resolve the problem. The governor of Central Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan house of
representatives had given their support for the conservation of Sebangau forest through decree
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