Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL and Apache All-in-One

645 Pages·2004·8.43 MB·English

by  Meloni, Julie C.

Teach Yourself
PHP, MySQL®
and Apache
All
in
One
Julie C. Meloni
800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46240 USA
Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL and Apache Acquisitions Editor
All in One Shelley Johnston
Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing Development Editor
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a Chris Newman
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from Managing Editor
the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of Charlotte Clapp
the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume Project Editor
no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for Dan Knott
damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Copy Editor
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32620-5
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003109401
Indexer
Printed in the United States of America
Sharon Shock
First Printing: December 2003
06 05 04 03 4 3 2 1 Proofreader
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service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing
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Multimedia Developer
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Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accu-
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction...........................................................................1
Part I: Laying the Groundwork
CHAPTER 1 Installing and Configuring MySQL.........................................7
2 Installing and Configuring Apache ......................................27
3 Installing and Configuring PHP............................................51
Part II: PHP Language Structure
CHAPTER 4 The Building Blocks of PHP...................................................71
5 Flow Control Functions in PHP.............................................93
6 Working with Functions......................................................115
7 Working with Arrays and Objects.......................................135
Part III: Getting Involved with the Code
CHAPTER 8 Working with Strings, Dates and Time................................153
9 Working with Forms...........................................................181
10 Working with User Sessions.................................................203
11 Working with Files and Directories......................................213
12 Working with the Server Environment.................................237
13 Working with Images.........................................................245
Part IV: PHP and MySQL Integration
CHAPTER 14 Learning the Database Design Process................................262
15 Learning Basic SQL Commands..........................................273
16 Interacting with MySQL Using PHP.....................................321
Part V: Basic Projects
CHAPTER 17 Managing a Simple Mailing List.........................................335
18 Creating an Online Address Book.......................................347
19 Creating a Simple Discussion Forum...................................371
20 Creating an Online Storefront.............................................387
21 Creating a Shopping Cart Mechanism................................399
22 Creating a Simple Calendar................................................413
23 Restricting Access to Your Applications................................427
24 Logging and Monitoring Web Server Activity......................449
25 Application Localization.....................................................467
Part VI: Administration and Fine Tuning
CHAPTER 26 Apache Performance Tuning and Virtual Hosting...............481
27 Setting Up a Secure Web Server...........................................499
28 Optimizing and Tuning MySQL..........................................515
29 Software Upgrades .............................................................533
Part VII: Looking Toward the Future
CHAPTER 30 Features and Backwards-Compatibility of PHP 5.0..............541
31 Features and Backwards-Compatibility of MySQL 4.1..........547
Part VIII: Appendix
APPENDIX A Installing MySQL, Apache, and PHP from the CD-ROM......557
Index.................................................................................569
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Who Should Read This Book? ............................................................1
How This Book Is Organized ..............................................................2
Conventions Used in This Book ..........................................................3
Part I: Laying the Groundwork
CHAPTER 1: Installing and Configuring MySQL 7
Current and Future Versions of MySQL................................................7
How to Get MySQL ............................................................................8
Installing MySQL on Linux/Unix........................................................8
Installing MySQL on Windows............................................................9
Troubleshooting Your Installation ....................................................16
Basic Security Guidelines ..................................................................16
Starting MySQL ........................................................................17
Securing Your MySQL Connection ............................................18
Introducing the MySQL Privilege System ..........................................18
The Two-Step Authentication Process ........................................19
Working with User Privileges ............................................................20
Adding Users ............................................................................21
Removing Privileges..................................................................23
Summary ........................................................................................23
Q&A ................................................................................................25
Workshop ........................................................................................25
Quiz ........................................................................................25
Answers....................................................................................25
Activities ..................................................................................26
vi Sams Teach Yourself PHP,MySQL and Apache All in One
CHAPTER 2: Installing and Configuring Apache 27
Current and Future Versions of Apache ............................................27
Choosing an Installation Method......................................................28
Building from Source ................................................................28
Installing a Binary....................................................................28
Installing Apache on Linux/Unix......................................................29
Downloading the Apache Source Code......................................29
Uncompressing the Source Code................................................29
Preparing to Build Apache........................................................30
Building and Installing Apache ................................................31
Installing Apache on Windows ........................................................32
Apache Configuration File Structure..................................................35
Directives..................................................................................35
Containers................................................................................37
Conditional Evaluation ............................................................38
ServerRoot................................................................................39
Per-Directory Configuration Files ..............................................40
Apache Log Files ..............................................................................41
access_log ................................................................................41
error_log ..................................................................................41
Additional Files ........................................................................42
Apache-Related Commands..............................................................42
Apache Server Binary................................................................42
Apache Control Script ..............................................................43
Starting Apache for the First Time ....................................................44
Check Your Configuration File ..................................................44
Starting Apache........................................................................45
Troubleshooting................................................................................46
Already an Existing Web Server ................................................46
No Permission to Bind to Port....................................................46
Access Denied ..........................................................................46
Wrong Group Settings ..............................................................47
Summary ........................................................................................47
Contents vii
Q&A ................................................................................................48
Workshop ........................................................................................48
Quiz ........................................................................................48
Answers....................................................................................49
Activities ..................................................................................49
CHAPTER 3: Installing and Configuring PHP 51
Current and Future Versions of PHP..................................................51
Building PHP on Linux/Unix with Apache........................................52
Additional Configuration Options ............................................53
Integrating PHP with Apache on Linux/Unix ............................54
Installing PHP Files on Windows ......................................................55
Integrating PHP with Apache on Windows................................55
php.ini Basics ..................................................................................56
Testing Your Installation ..................................................................57
Getting Installation Help..................................................................58
The Basics of PHP Scripts ..................................................................59
Beginning and Ending a Block of PHP Statements ....................60
The echo Statement and print() Function ..................................62
Combining HTML and PHP ......................................................63
Adding Comments to PHP Code................................................64
Summary ........................................................................................65
Q&A ................................................................................................66
Workshop ........................................................................................66
Quiz ........................................................................................66
Answers....................................................................................67
Activities ..................................................................................67
Part II: PHP Language Structure
CHAPTER 4: The Building Blocks of PHP 71
Variables..........................................................................................71
Globals and Superglobals..........................................................73
viii Sams Teach Yourself PHP,MySQL and Apache All in One
Data Types ......................................................................................74
Changing Type with settype()....................................................76
Changing Type by Casting........................................................77
Why Test Type? ........................................................................79
Operators and Expressions................................................................79
The Assignment Operator ........................................................80
Arithmetic Operators................................................................81
The Concatenation Operator ....................................................81
Combined Assignment Operators..............................................82
Automatically Incrementing and Decrementing an Integer
Variable....................................................................................83
Comparison Operators..............................................................84
Creating More Complex Test Expressions with the Logical
Operators..................................................................................85
Operator Precedence ................................................................86
Constants ........................................................................................87
Predefined Constants ................................................................89
Summary ........................................................................................89
Q&A ................................................................................................90
Workshop ........................................................................................90
Quiz ........................................................................................90
Answers....................................................................................91
Activities ..................................................................................92
CHAPTER 5: Flow Control Functions in PHP 93
Switching Flow..................................................................................93
The if Statement ......................................................................94
Using the else Clause with the if Statement ..............................95
Using the else if Clause with the if Statement............................96
The switch Statement................................................................97
Using the ? Operator ................................................................99
Contents ix
Loops..............................................................................................100
The while Statement................................................................100
The do...while Statement ........................................................101
The for Statement....................................................................102
Breaking Out of Loops with the break Statement ....................104
Skipping an Iteration with the continue Statement..................106
Nesting Loops ........................................................................107
Code Blocks and Browser Output ....................................................109
Summary........................................................................................110
Q&A ..............................................................................................112
Workshop ......................................................................................112
Quiz ......................................................................................112
Answers..................................................................................113
Activity ..................................................................................113
CHAPTER 6: Working with Functions 115
What Is a Function?........................................................................115
Calling Functions............................................................................116
Defining a Function........................................................................117
Returning Values from User-Defined Functions................................120
Variable Scope................................................................................121
Accessing Variables with the global Statement ........................122
Saving State Between Function Calls with the static Statement ........124
More About Arguments ..................................................................126
Setting Default Values for Arguments......................................127
Passing Variable References to Functions ................................128
Testing for the Existence of a Function ............................................130
Summary........................................................................................132
Q&A ..............................................................................................133
Workshop ......................................................................................133
Quiz ......................................................................................133
Answers..................................................................................134
Activity ..................................................................................134