Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization)

216 Pages·2007·7.58 MB·English

by  Peter F. Dorman and Betsy M. Bryan

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ORIENTAL INSTITUTE, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION • NUMBER 61
CHICAGO • ILLINOIS
Series Editors
Leslie Schramer
and
Thomas G. Urban
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OCCASIONAL PROCEEDINGS OF
THE THEBAN WORKSHOP
SACRED SPACE AND SACRED FUNCTION
IN ANCIENT THEBES
edited by
PETER F. DORMAN and BETSY M. BRYAN
STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION • VOLUME 61
THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO • ILLINOIS
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2006941012
ISBN: 978-1-885923-46-2
ISSN: 0081-7554
The Oriental Institute, Chicago
© 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
Published 2007. Printed in the United States of America.
Series Editors’ Acknowledgments
Lindsay DeCarlo and Katie L. Johnson assisted in the produc-
tion of this volume.
Cover Illustration
Watercolor by David Roberts Showing Columns Decorated by Ramesses IV at the Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak.
See herein page 53 and figure 5.4.
Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. ix
Preface. Peter F. Dorman, The Oriental Institute, and Betsy M. Bryan, Johns Hopkins University ............ xiii
Programs of the Theban Workshop, 1999–2003 ......................................................................................... xix
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... xxiii
PAPERS FROM THE THEBAN WORKSHOP
1. Egyptology and the Evaluation of the Sites of Western Thebes. Mohammed el-Bialy,
General Director for the Antiquities of Upper Egypt, Supreme Council of Antiquities ......................... 1
PART 1: DIVINE TEMPLES, RITUAL LANDSCAPES
2. Thebes: Origins of a Ritual Landscape. Martina Ullmann, University of Munich ............................ 3
3. Archaeological and Textual Evidence for the Function of the “Botanical Garden” of
Karnak in the Initiation Ritual. Dimitri Laboury, FNRS, University of Liège, Belgium ................. 27
4. Pharaonic Building Inscriptions and Temple Decoration. Silke Grallert, University of Bonn ........... 35
5. Veils, Votives, and Marginalia: The Use of Sacred Space at Karnak and Luxor. Peter
Brand, University of Memphis ......................................................................................................... 51
6. The Terminology of Sacred Space in Ptolemaic Inscriptions from Thebes. J. Brett McClain,
University of Chicago ..................................................................................................................... 85
PART 2: THEBAN TOMBS AND NECROPOLEIS
7. Intersection of Ritual Space and Ritual Representation: Pyramid Texts in Eighteenth Dynasty
Theban Tombs. Harold M. Hays and William Schenck, University of Chicago .............................. 97
8. Chamber Ja in Royal Tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Catharine H. Roehrig, Metropolitan
Museum of Art ................................................................................................................................. 117
9. Use, Reuse, and Abuse of “Sacred Space”: Observations from Dra Abu al-Naga. Boyo G.
Ockinga, Macquarie University, Sydney ......................................................................................... 139
10. Christian Use of Pharaonic Space in Western Thebes. Heike Behlmer, Macquarie University,
Sydney ............................................................................................................................................. 163
11. Feasts, Fertility, and Fear: Qurnawi Spirituality in the Ancient Theban Landscape.
Kees van der Spek, The Australian National University .................................................................. 177
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GENERAL
cf. confer, compare
ch. chapter
cm centimeter(s)
col(s). column(s)
et al. et alii, and others
e.g. exempli gratia, for example
esp. especially
etc. et cetera, and so forth
fig(s). figure(s)
GN god’s name
ibid. ibidem, in the same place
i.e. id est, that is
KN king’s name
KV Valley of the Kings
m meter(s)
n(n). note(s)
n.p. no publisher
NN personal/royal/god’s name
no(s). number(s)
op. cit. opere citato, in the work cited
pBM papyrus British Museum
p(p). page(s)
pers. comm. personal communication
pl(s). plate(s)
PT Pyramid Text
TT Theban Tomb
Vol(s). Volume(s)
BIBLIOGRAPHIC
PM 11 B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic
Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, Vol. 1: The Theban Necropolis, Part 1: Private Tombs. 2nd ed.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.
PM 12 B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic
Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, Vol. 1: The Theban Necropolis, Part 2: Royal Tombs and Smaller
Cemeteries. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
PM 22 B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic
Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, Vol. 2: Theban Temples. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
vii
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viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PM 4 B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic
Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, Vol. 4: Lower and Middle Egypt. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934.
PM 6 B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic
Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, Vol. 6: Upper Egypt: Chief Temples. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1939.
Urk. II Kurt Sethe. Hieroglyphische Urkunden der griechisch-römischen Zeit, Vols. 1–2. Urkunden
des ägyptischen Altertums 2. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1904–1916.
Urk. IV Kurt Sethe. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums 4. Leipzig: J. C.
Hinrichs, 1906–1909.
Urk. VIII Kurt Sethe and Otto Firchow. Thebanische Tempelinschriften aus griechisch-römischer Zeit,
Vol. 1. Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums 8. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1957.
Wb. Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow. Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Vols. 1–7. Leipzig:
J. C. Hinrichs, 1926–1963.
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LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1. Stela Manchester Museum No. 5052 .............................................................................................. 13
2.2. Column of Antef II .......................................................................................................................... 14
2.3. So-called Court of the Middle Kingdom with Early Platform and Three Eastern Thresholds
of Senwosret I and Socle of Calcite ................................................................................................ 15
2.4. Bark Journey of King; Temple of Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari, Southern Outer
Wall of Sanctuary ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.5. Bark Journey of the King; Temple of Senwosret I at Karnak, Southern Part of Portico ................ 16
2.6. Reconstruction of Plan of Senwosret I Temple at Karnak .............................................................. 17
2.7. Plan of Eighteenth Dynasty Temple at Medinet Habu with Position of the So-called
Earliest Chapel from the Late Eleventh Dynasty ........................................................................... 18
2.8. Plan of Bark Chapel of Senwosret I ................................................................................................ 18
2.9. Naos of Senwosret I ........................................................................................................................ 19
2.10. Wall Fragment of the Temple of Senwosret I at Karnak ................................................................ 20
3.1. Layout of the Hidden Sanctuary of the Akh-menu of the So-called “Botanical Garden”
of Thutmose III at Karnak ............................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Possible Positions of inj.n PN on Private Stelae ............................................................................. 37
4.2. Eulogizing Dedicatory Label ........................................................................................................... 37
4.3. Dedication Formula ......................................................................................................................... 38
4.4. Plan of Luxor Temple Proper, with Inscription Locations Indicated .............................................. 41
4.5. Plan of Court of Amenhotep III, Luxor Temple, with Inscription Locations Indicated .................. 44
4.6. Plan of Court of Ramesses II, Luxor Temple, with Inscription Locations Indicated ...................... 45
4.7. Restoration Label ............................................................................................................................ 46
5.1. Cartouche of Ramesses II. From Series of Bandeau Texts Added to Columns in Hypostyle
Hall, Karnak Temple, after His Year 21. The Later Form of His Nomen Rª-ms-sw Is Used ......... 66
5.2. Successive Layers of Marginal Decoration of Ramesses II and IV Added to Column in the
Karnak Hypostyle Hall .................................................................................................................... 66
5.3. Column with Marginal Decoration of Ramesses IV, Hypostyle Hall, Karnak Temple, Luxor ...... 67
5.4. Watercolor by David Roberts Showing Columns Decorated by Ramesses IV ............................... 67
5.5. Cartouche of Ramesses IV Superimposed Over Triangular Leaf Pattern. Decoration at Base
of Column in Karnak Hypostyle Hall .............................................................................................. 68
5.6. Cartouche of Ramesses VI Replaces Two Successive Versions of Ramesses IV’s Name on
Great Column in Karnak Hypostyle Hall ........................................................................................ 68
5.7. Drawing of Usurped Prenomen of Ramesses IV on One of the Great Columns, Karnak
Hypostyle Hall ................................................................................................................................. 68
5.8. Upper Half of Usurped Nomen Cartouche of Ramesses IV/VI ...................................................... 69
5.9. Dedication Texts on Obelisk of Ramesses II at Luxor Temple ...................................................... 69
5.10. Crude, Unfinished Offering Scenes of Ramesses II. From Solar Court, Memorial Temple
of Seti I, Qurna ................................................................................................................................ 69
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5.11. Ramesses II Offering Bouquets. From Ritual Scene in Side Chamber of Qurna Temple
of Seti I ............................................................................................................................................ 70
5.12. Ramesses II before Thoth, Attended by Nekhbet. From Girdle Wall of Thutmose III, Karnak ..... 70
5.13. Ramesses II Offering to Mekhyt. From Thutmose III Girdle Wall of Thutmose III, Karnak ......... 71
5.14. Ramesses II with Pair of Sistra. From Girdle Wall of Thutmose III, Karnak ................................. 71
5.15. Once-veiled Icon of Ptah-of-Ramesses-II. From Girdle Wall of Thutmose III, Karnak ................ 72
5.16. Colossal Image of Amun-Ra. From Scene of Ramesses IX on North Face of
Ninth Pylon, Karnak ........................................................................................................................ 72
5.17. Seti II Kneels before Amun-Ra. Relief on Lintel of Gateway near Granite Bark Shrine,
Central Karnak ................................................................................................................................ 73
5.18. Ramesses II Offering Nw-jars to Banebdjed. From North Face of Eighth Pylon, Karnak .............. 73
5.19. Elaborate Avatar of Amun-Ra as Source of Inundation ................................................................. 74
5.20. Reconstruction of Contra Shrine against Rear Wall of a Temple ................................................... 74
5.21. Ex Voto Graffito of High Priest of Amun, Ramessenakht. From Inner Face of Girdle Wall
of Thutmose III, Karnak .................................................................................................................. 75
5.22. Amun-Ra and Mut Embrace, possibly Representing the Divine Marriage .................................... 75
5.23. Graffito of Osiris on North Exterior Wall of Karnak Hypostyle Hall ............................................. 75
5.24. Amun-Ra Grants Jubilees to Ramesses II. Relief inside Gateway of Karnak Eighth Pylon .......... 76
5.25. Unusual Squatting Icon of Ra. East Wall of the Luxor Solar Court ................................................ 76
5.26. Processional Bark of Amun-Ra. Crude Graffito Scratched by Pilgrim on North Wall
of Karnak Hypostyle Hall ............................................................................................................... 76
5.27. Amun-Opet-Who-Answers-the-Poor. Votive Image Carved by Temple Artisans on Blank
East Wall of Solar Court, Luxor Temple ......................................................................................... 77
5.28. Votive Reliefs of Amun-Opet-Who-Answers-the-Poor, Ra-Horakhty, and Others; East
Exterior Wall of Luxor Solar Court ................................................................................................. 77
5.29. Cluster of Ex Voto Figures of Gods. East Wall of Solar Court, Karnak ......................................... 77
5.30. Bas Relief Graffito of Khonsu. On West Exterior Wall of Khonsu Temple, Karnak ..................... 78
7.1. Perspective Drawing of Niche in TT 57 .......................................................................................... 107
7.2. Tabular Series of Offering Ritual Texts in TT 57 ........................................................................... 108
7.3. Perspective Drawing of End of Long Passage in TT 100 ................................................................ 109
8.1. Plan of KV 38, Tomb of Thutmose I ............................................................................................... 123
8.2. Plan of KV 20, Tomb of Hatshepsut and Thutmose II(?), Chambers J1 and J2 ............................. 123
8.3. Plan of KV 34, Tomb of Thutmose III ............................................................................................. 124
8.4. Entrance to Chamber Ja in KV 34 ................................................................................................... 124
8.5. Fourth Hour of the Amduat Showing Passage into Netherworld, on West Wall of Chamber J
in KV 34 .......................................................................................................................................... 125
8.6. Fifth Hour of the Amduat on South Wall of Chamber J in KV 34 .................................................. 126
8.7. Plan of KV 42, Tomb of Merytra-Hatshepsut, Principal Queen of Thutmose III ........................... 126
8.8. Plan of KV 32, Tomb of Tiye, Principal Queen of Thutmose IV .................................................... 127
8.9. Plan of Chamber J and Subsidiaries of KV 35, Tomb of Amenhotep II ......................................... 127
8.10. Plan of Chamber J and Subsidiaries of KV 43, Tomb of Thutmose IV .......................................... 127
8.11. Plan of Chamber J and Subsidiaries of WV 22, Tomb of Amenhotep III ....................................... 128
8.12. Plan of KV 62, Tomb of Tutankhamun ........................................................................................... 128
8.13. Germinating Osiris Found in Chamber Ja of KV 62, Tomb of Tutankhamun ................................. 129