Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art

370 Pages·1999·48.914 MB·English

by  Rob Linrothe

Ruthless Compassion
W rathful D eities in Early In d o -Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist A rt
Rob Linrothe

Ruthless Compassion
Wrathful Deities
in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art
Ruthless
Compassion
Rob Linrothe
Shambhala
Boston
1999
Shambhala Publications, Inc.
Horticultural Hall
300 Massachusetts Avenue
Boston, Massachusetts 02115
http://www.shamhhala.com
Copyright © 1999 Rob Linrothe
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Published in association with
Serindia Publications, UK
987654321
Printed and bound in Hong Kong through Bookbuilders Ltd.
This edition is printed on acid-free paper that meets the
American National Standards Institute Z39.48 Standard.
Distributed in the United States by Random House, Inc.,
and in Canada by Random House of Canada Ltd.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Linrothe, Robert N., 1951-
Ruthless compassion: wrathful deities in early Indo-Tibetan esoteric
Buddhist art/Rob Linrothe
p. cm.
Includes index
ISBN 1-57062-439-9
1. Gods, Buddhist — India — History. 2. Tantric Buddhism — India
— History. 3. Sculpture, Tantric - Buddhist — Asia. 4. Emotions in art.
5. Buddhist art and symbolism. I. Title
BQ4635.L56 1999
294-3 437 dc2i 99-13944
CIP
Frontispiece:
Page ii left: detail of 167, right: 4. Page iii detail of 2.
Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX
foreword Jane Casey Singer x
Prologue and Introduction
prologue 2
introduction : distinctions , definitions and terminology 19
Phase 1
1 VAJRAPURUSA 32
2 MAHABALA AND MANTRANAYA 44
3 YAKSAS, GANAS AND AYUDHAPURUSA 49
4 YAMANTAKA 62
5 hayagriva : texts 84
6 hayagriva : images 93
7 THE LEGACY 131
Phase 2
8 A NEW PARADIGM I43
9 NEW TEXTS, NEW FUNCTIONS 151
10 YAMANTAKA IMAGERY 162
11 trailokyavijaya : texts 177
12 trailokyavijaya : images 193
13 FINDINGS 214
Phase 3
14 ESOTERIC BUDDHISM RECAST 220
15 HERUKA IMAGERY 249
16 HEVAJRA IMAGERY 267
17 SAM VARA IMAGERY 276
18 AN ICONOLOGY OF SAMVARA 295
Afterword 306
Glossary of Sanskrit Terms 333
List of Tibetan Terms 334
Bibliography 333
index 330
vi
List of Illustrations LACMA feller 3rd Acquisitions Fund 1987.001.II,
(Unless otherwise indicated , all 28 Äyudhapurusa, detail of 24 photo courtesy of Asia Society
IMAGES ARE STONE, AND PHOTOGRAPHS 29 Krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 13 61 Manjusri with Yamäntaka, Birbhum (Ben­
ARE BY THE AUTHOR.) 30 Vajrapani with four-armed krodha- gal) ca. 12th century it: 76 cm, Friedrich
vighnäntaka, Vajragiri (Orissa), ca. 8th cen­ Hewicker collection, Hamburg (?), after
Black-and-white Figures tury Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar de Mallmann, Étude Iconographique sur
1 Heruka, Ratnagiri (Orissa), ca. 11th centu­ 31 Four-armed krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 30 Manjusri, pl. 1
ry, h: 161 cm 32 Vajrapani with four-armed krodha- 62 Another view of 10
2 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Ratnagiri vighnäntaka, Ratnagiri (Orissa), east wall 63 Hayagiva in attendance on Tärä, detail of
(Orissa), ca. 9th century, h: 193 cm of entrance porch, ca. 7th-8th century h: 103
3 Two-armed Trailokyavijaya, Achutrajpur 123 cm 64 same as 16
(Orissa), metalwork, ca. 10th century, h: 33 Avalokitesvara with four-armed krodha- 65 Twelve-armed Avalokitesvara with Haya­
48.1 cm, Orissa State Museum, vighnäntaka, Ratnagiri (Orissa), west wall griva, Nalanda (Bihar), ca. 8th century, h:
Bhubaneswar of entrance porch, ca. 7th-8th century, h: 147.3 cm' Nalanda Museum, AIIS neg.
4 Heruka, funerary stüpa, Ratnagiri (Oris­ 130 cm A38-87
sa), ca. 11th century, figure h: 17 cm 34 Four-armed krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 32 66 same as 25
5 Yamämtaka attending Manjusri, detail of 53 35 Four-armed Hayagriva, detail of 33 67 Hayagriva, detail of 65, AIIS neg. no. 294-11
6 Manjusri with Yamäntaka, Guneri (Bihar), 36 same as 32 68 same as 35
ca. 9th-ioth century h: 127 cm, Bodh Gaya 37 same as 34 69 Fragment of Avalokitesvara with Haya­
site museum 38 Yamäntaka, detail of 57 griva, Ratnagiri (Orissa), ca. 9th century
7 Trailokyavijaya, Mahants compound, 39 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Nalanda 70 same as 2
Bodh Gaya (Bihar), ca. 10th century, h: (Bihar), ca. 8th century h: 116 cm, Nation­ 71 Hayagriva, detail of 73
approx. 148 cm al Museum, New Delhi 72 Hayagriva, detail of 74
8 Yamäntaka, Nalanda (Bihar), ca. 10th cen­ 40 same as 23 73 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Nalanda
tury, h: 20 cm, Nalanda Museum AIIS 41 Four-armed Yamäntaka, detail of 39 (Bihar), ca. 8th-9th century, h: 102 cm,
neg. no. 63-2 42 Yamäntaka, detail of 43 Indian Museum, Calcutta
9 Heruka, Nalanda (Bihar), ca. 11th century, 43 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Bihar, ca. 9th 74 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Nalanda,
h: 175 cm, Nalanda Museum century h: 49.3 cm, Los Angeles County (Bihar) ca. 9th century h: 94 cm, Indian
10 Vajrapäni with attendants, Cave 6 Museum of Art, Gift of John MacDonald, Museum, Calcutta
Aurangabad (Maharashtra), second half no. M.79.188, museum photo 75 Tärä with Hayagriva, Hilsa (Bihar), 25th
of 6th century, AUS neg. A20-37 44 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Lalitagiri (Oris­ year of Devapäla (r. ca. 812-830) h: 39 cm,
11 Krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 10 sa), ca. 8th-9th century, h: 189 cm, site Patna Museum
12 Avalokitesvara with attending krodha- Museum, Lalitagiri 76 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Nalanda
vighnäntaka, Cave 7 Aurangabad (Maha­ 45 Yamäntaka, detail of 44 (Bihar), ca. 9th century, Indian Museum,
rashtra), late 6th century 46 same as 6 Calcutta
13 Vajrapani/Maitreya with attending krod­ 47 Yamäntaka, detail of 46 77 Hayagriva, detail of 75
ha-vighnäntaka, Cave 6 Ellora (Maharash­ 48 Detail of Cakrapurusa (?) attending 78 Hayagriva, detail of 76
tra), early 7th century Maitreya, Guneri (Bihar) ca. 9th-ioth cen­ 79 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Ghos-
14 Bodhisattva with krodha-vighnäntaka, Sar- tury, Bodh Gaya site museum rawan (Bihar), ca. 9th century, Indian
nath (Uttar Pradesh), ca. 6th*7th century 49 Yamäntaka, detail of 53 Museum, Calcutta
15 Vajrapani with krodha-vighnäntaka, Nalanda 50 Krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 52 80 Hayagriva, detail of 79
(Bihar), ca. 7th-8th century, promised gift 51 same as 26 81 Tärä with Ekajatä and Hayagriva, Nalan­
of Horence and Herbert Irving, The Metro­ 52 Maitreya with krodha-vighnäntaka, Bodh da (Bihar), ca. 9th century, Indian Muse­
politan Museum of Art, New York Gaya (Bihar), ca. 11th century um, Calcutta
Li994;2i.i2, used with permission Mahants compound, Bodh Gaya 82 Hayagriva, detail of 81
16 Two-armed krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 12 53 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Kurkihar 83 Tärä with Hayagriva, Baragoan (Bihar),
17 Two-armed krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 13 (Bihar), ca. 10th century, Indian Museum, ca. 9th century, h: 67 cm, Indian Museum,
18 Krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 14 Calcutta Calcutta
19 Krodha-vighnäntaka, detail of 15 54 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Bihar Shariff 84 Hayagriva, detail of 83
20 Entrance to Cave 6 Ellora (Maharashtra) (Bihar), ca. 10th century, h: 78 cm, Indian 83 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Bihar, ca.
21 Another view of 10 Museum, Calcutta 9th century, h: 96 cm, Eduard von der
22 Visnu with äyudhapurusa, Samath (Uttar 55 Yamäntaka, detail of 54 Heydt Collection, Rietberg Museum,
Pradesh), ca. 5th-6th century, Samath 56 same as 38 Zürich, photo: Wettstein & Kauf
Museum 57 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Ayodhya (Oris­ 86 Hayagriva, detail of 85. Eduard von der
23 Siva-Gana, Madhya Pradesh, ca. 5th cen­ sa), ca. late ioth-early 11th century, h: 108 Heydt Collection, Rietberg Museum,
tury, Bharat Kala Bhavan cm, Ayodhya Märici Mandir Zürich, photo: Wettstein & Kauf
24 Visnu with äyudhapurusa, Gaya (Bihar), ca. 58 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, 24 Parganas 87 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Ratnagiri
7th-8th century, Gaya Museum (Bengal), ca. late 11th century, Asutosh (Orissa), ca. 9th-ioth century, h: 243 cm
25 Äyudhapurusa below Visnu at Deogarh Museum, Calcutta 88 Hayagriva, detail of 87
(Uttar Pradesh), mid 6th century, AIIS neg. 59 Yamäntaka, detail of 58 89 same as 72
no. 403-49 60 Mañjusri with Yamäntaka, Nalanda 90 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Udaya-
26 Cakrapurusa, detail of 22 (Bihar), illumination from an Astasähas- giri (Orissa), ca. 10th century
27 Cakrapurusa, Kashmir, metal, 6th century, rikä Prajhäpäramitä manuscript, 2nd half 91 Hayagriva, detail of 90
ht: 7 cm, Los Angeles County Museum of of 11th century h: 7.3 cm, Asia Society, 92 Hayagriva, detail of Avalokitesvara sculp­
Art, gift of Neil Kreitman, phot courtesy of New York, Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rocke­ ture, Udayagiri (Orissa), ca. 10th century,
Patna Museum tury, h: 20.5 cm, West Bengal State (Ladakh) wall painting, ca. 12th century
93 Tàrâ with Hayagriva, Bihar, late 9th cen­ Archaeological Museum, Calcutta 155 Tripurantaka, Pattadakal (Karnataka), ca.
tury, h: 81 cm, Indian Museum, Calcutta 121 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Ratnagiri 8th century, h: 116 cm, National Museum,
94 Hayagriva, detail of 93 (Orissa), ca. 11th century, h: 120 cm New Delhi
95 Hayagriva, detail of 96 122 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Orissa, 156 Two-armed Trailokyavijaya, Nalanda
96 Tàrâ with Hayagriva, Bihar, late 9th-ioth early 11th century, h: 123 cm, Indian (Bihar), ca. late 8th-9th century, h: 17.5
century, h: 94 cm, Norton Simon Art Museum, Calcutta cm, National Museum, New Delhi neg.
Foundation, Pasadena CA no. 123 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Orissa, no. 499-56.57
M.1974.06.S, museum photo early 11th century, Ayodhya Mârici 157 same as 65
97 Târâ with Hayagriva, Kurkihar (Bihar), ca. Mandir 158 same as 3
10th century, h: 173 cm, Indian Museum, 124 Hayagriva, detail of 121 159 same as 155
Calcutta 125 Hayagriva, detail of 122 160 Trailokyavijaya, Nalanda (Bihar), metal­
98 Hayagriva, detail of 97 126 Hayagriva, detail of 123 work, ca. 10th century, h: 25 cm, Patna
99 Dharmacakra Avalokitesvara with Haya­ 127 Hayagriva, detail of Avalokitesvara sculp­ Museum
griva, Nalanda (Bihar), late 9th-ioth cen­ ture, Orissa, ca. 12th century, h: of entire 161 Reverse of 160
tury, h: 32 cm, Nalanda Museum sculpture 96 cm, Baripada Museum 162 different view of 7
100 Hayagriva, detail of 99 128 Hayagriva, detail of Tàrâ sculpture, Oris­ 163 detail of 162
101 Hayagriva, Kurkihar (Bihar) metalwork sa, ca. 12th century, h: of entire sculpture 164 detail of 162
ca. 10th century, h: 10 cm, Patna Museum 171 cm, Orissa State Museum, 165 detail of 166
102 side view of 101 Bhubaneswar 166 Andhakarimurti (Siva), Konch (Bihar), ca.
103 Tàrâ with Hayagriva, Bihar, early 11th 129 Hayagriva, detail of 111 10th century
century, h: 82 cm, Indian Museum, Cal­ 130 same as 86 167 Trailokyavijaya fragment, Nalanda
cutta 131 same as 102 (Bihar), ca. 10th century, h: 121 cm, Nalan­
104 same as 63 132 Four-armed Avalokitesvara with Haya­ da Museum
105 Hayagriva, fragment with Bhrikuti, Bihar, griva, Changspa (Ladakh), ca. 9th-ioth 168 Sumbha or Nisumbha, detail of 167
ca. 11th century, h: 58.5 cm, Patna Muse­ century 169 Sumbha or Nisumbha, detail of 167
um 133 Hayagriva detail of 132 170 same as 154
106 Hayagriva, detail of 114 134 Hayagriva, detail of Amitàyus thangka, 171 Trailokyavijaya in Trailokyavijaya
107 Hayagriva, detail of 110 Tibet, ca. 12th century, Los Angeles Coun­ mandala, Alchi Dukhang (Ladakh) wall
108 Hayagriva, detail of 109 ty Museum of Art, detail of color plate 7 painting, ca. 12th century
109 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Nalanda 133 Hayagriva, Tibet, copper alloy, ca. 12th 172 Trailokyavijaya, cropped detail of Vagish-
(Bihar), late 11th century, h: 125 cm, century, ht: 33 cm, Zimmerman Family vara Mahjusri dharmadhatu mandala, Alchi
Nalanda Museum Collection Dukhang (Ladakh) wall painting, ca. 12th
110 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Rohoi 136 same as 117 century
(Bihar), early 12th century, h: 109 cm, 137 same as 73 173 Trailokyavijaya, cropped detail of Vagish-
Indian Museum, Calcutta 138 Seated four-armed Avalokitesvara, Ara- vara Mahjusri dharmadhatu mandala,
111 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Bihar or garh Hill (Orissa), ca. late 10th century Sumda (Ladakh) wall painting, ca. 12th
Bengal, metalwork, late 11th century, The 139 Detail of throne beneath Avalokitesvara of century
Art Institute of Chicago 138 174 Hevajra with consort, Saspol cave
112 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Bihar, late 140 Mahàvairocana Buddha, Udayagiri (Oris­ (Ladakh) wall painting, ca. 14th century
11th century, h: 56 cm, Indian Museum, sa), ca. 10th century 175 same as 9
Calcutta 141 same as 7 176 same as 1
113 Hayagriva, detail of 112 142 same as 140 177 Heruka, funerary stupa, Ratnagiri (Oris­
114 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Nalanda 143 Acala, eastern India, metalwork, ca. 11th sa), ca. 11th century, figure h: 21 cm
(Bihar), illumination from an Astasàhas- century, author's collection 178 same as 4; detail of 179
rikà Prajnàpàramità mansuscript, ca. 12th 144 Yamântaka, Mahants compound, Bodh 179 Funerary stupa, Ratnagiri (Orissa),
century, h: 7.3 cm, Asia Society, New Gaya (Bihar), ca. 10th century, h: approx. ca. 11th century
York, Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 138 cm 180 Heruka, funerary stupa, Ratnagiri (Oris­
3rd Acquisitions Fund 1987.001.Ill, photo 145 Trailokyavijaya (left) and Yamântaka, sa), ca. 11th century; detail of 181
courtesy of Asia Society Mahants compound, Bodh Gaya (Bihar), 181 Funerary stupa, Ratnagiri (Orissa),
115 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, ca. 10th century ca. 11th century
Chowrapara (Bengal, now Bangladesh), 146 Yamântaka, detail of 46 182 same as 9
nth-i2th century, h: 114 cm, Indian 147 Yamântaka, detail of 104 183 Two yogini and trampled figure, detail of
Museum, Calcutta 148 same as 8 182
116 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva, Tapan 149 Yamântaka, back of 8, AIIS neg. no. 63-1 184 same as 110
(Bengal), 12th century, h: 105 cm, West 150 Yamântaka, Kuruma village (Orissa) ca. 185 Heruka, Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh), ca. 12th
Bengal State Archaeological Museum, Cal­ 9th-ioth century, h: 153 cm century, h: 39 cm, Samath Museum
cutta 151 Yamàntaka's buffalo, detail of 150 186 Heruka, Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh), ca. 12th
117 Hayagriva, detail of 116 132 Yamântaka, Nepal, manuscript painting century, h: 54 cm, Sarnath Museum
118 Bhairava, Bihar, nth-i2th century, h: 43.7 late 12th century, British Library, Or 187 Heruka with consort, eastern India, ca.
cm, Patna Museum 13971B 27, courtesy British Library 12th century, h: 8 cm, The Newark Muse­
119 Bhairava, Jalpaigiri (Bengal), ca. 12th cen­ 153 Yamântaka, Mangyu stüpa (Ladakh) wall um no. 86.44, photo by Armen
tury, h: 55 cm, Indian Museum, Calcutta painting, ca. late i2th-early 13th century 188 Heruka, Subhapur, Comilla district (Ben­
120 Avalokitesvara with Hayagriva in the 134 Trailokyavijaya in eastern quadrant of gal), ca. 11th century, h: 165 cm, after
form of Mahàkàla, Bengal, nth-i2th cen­ vajradhâtu mandala (detail), Alchi Dukhang Emanul Haque, Treasures in the Dacca
Museum, Part One, p. 11 Tibetan, Sino-Tibetan, Nepalese and Indian Museum of Art, photo courtesy of the
189 Heruka, Bengal, gilt copper alloy, ca. 11th Art, no. 189, used with permission museum
century, h: 15.9 cm, Los Angeles County 213 Two-armed Samvara, Tibet, metalwork, 8 Deities in Hayagriva chapel, Gyantse
Museum of Art Purchase, Harry and ca. I2th-i3th century, Zimmerman Family (Tibet) wall painting, 15th century, photo
Yvonne Lenart Funds, no. M.85.115.3 Collection courtesy of Ricca and Lo Bue
190 Heruka with consort, Bihar (?), painting 214 Twelve-armed Samvara, Tibet or eastern 9 Hayagriva, Gyantse (Tibet) wall painting,
on palm leaf, ca. 12th century Metropoli­ India, ca. I3th-i4th century, h: 12.7 cm, 15th century, detail of color plate 8
tan Museum of Art, New York, no. The Metropolitan Musem of Art, New 10 Yamàntaka, Alchi Sumtsek (Ladakh) wall
1985.400.2 York, no. 1988.392 painting, ca. 12th- 13th century, photo­
191 Hevajra, eastern India (Bengal?), leaf from 215 Twelve-armed Samvara, Saspol Cave graph courtesy of Jaro Poncar
a manuscript of Astasahasrika (Ladakh), wall painting, ca. 14th century 11 Yamàntaka, Gyantse (Tibet) wall painting,
Prajnaparamita, ca. 1150-1200, h: 6.3 cm, 216 Two-armed Samvara, Saspol Cave 15th century, photo courtesy of Ricca and
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Nasli and (Ladakh), wall painting, ca. 14th century Lo Bue
Alice Heeramaneck Collection, Gift of 217 Andhakarimurti-Siva, Salas (Bengal), ca. 12 Trailokyavijaya, Gyantse (Tibet) wall
Paul Mellon, no. 68.8.114.1/6, detail nth-i2th century, h: 67 cm, Asutosh painting, 15th century, photo courtesy of
192 Hevajra, Paharpur (Bengal), ca. 12th cen­ Museum, Calcutta Ricca and Lo Bue
tury, h: approx. 7.5 cm, Indian Museum, 218 Samvara, eastern India, painting on palm 13 Heruka, eastern India, painting on palm
Calcutta, after ASI1930-34, pi. LV.c leaf, ca. 12th century, British Library, Or leaf, ca. early 12th century, h: 6 cm, Musée
193 Hevajra and Consort, eastern India, 12th 14282 nor, courtesy of British Library Guimet, Fournier Donation, photo cour­
century, h: 13.3 cm, Collection of the 219 detail of 217 tesy of Lionel Fournier
Newark Museum Purchase 1990, The Mem­ 220 Bhairava, Bairhatta (Bengal), 2nd half of 14 Hevajra Kapaladhara, Gyantse (Tibet)
bers' Fund no. 90.290, photo by Armen 12th century, h: 100 cm, Indian Museum, wall painting, 15th century, photo cour­
194 Hevajra, Dharmanagar, Tripura (Bengal), Calcutta tesy of Ricca and Lo Bue
metalwork, ca. 12th century, h: 46 cm, 221 Bhairava, Balurghat (Bengal), ca. nth-i2th 15 Two-armed Samvara, eastern India, paint­
after ASI 1927-28, pi. XLIX.f century, h: 92 cm, Indian Museum, Calcutta ing on palm leaf, ca. early 12th century, h:
195 Hevajra, Tibet, metalwork, ca. 14th centu­ 6 cm, Musée Guimet, Fournier Donation,
ry, h: 17.8 cm, Doris Wiener Gallery, New photo courtesy of Lionel Fournier
York, photo courtesy Doris Wiener Gallery Graphs 16 Cakrasamvara, Gyantse (Tibet) wall paint­
196 Hevajra with consort, Chuchikjyal Tem­ Graph 1 The relationships among the krodha- ing, 15th century, photo courtesy of Ricca
ple, Karsha (Zangskar) wall painting, ca. vighnantaka and other groups of wrathful and Lo Bue
14th century deities including yidam, dharmapala, 17 Graphs 2, 3, 4
197 same as 174 Lokapala, ksetrapala, dikpala [p. 23]
198 Sam vara, Ratnagiri (Orissa), ca. 11th cen­ Graph 2 Schematic model of Esoteric Buddhism
tury, h: 127 cm, Patna Museum in eastern India, based on Tibetan revelatory
List of Abbreviations
199 Samvara, Orissa (Ratnagiri?), ca. 11th centu­ exegesis [Color Plate i6a]
ry, h: 92 cm, National Museum, New Delhi Graph 3 Schematic model of the historical
AIIS American Institute of Indian Studies
200 Detail of 199 development of Esoteric Buddhism in
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
201 same as 198 eastern India, adapted from the Tibetan
JIABS Journal of the International Associa­
202 Detail of 198 text-classification system [Color Plate 16b]
tion of Buddhist Studies
203 Samvara, Bengal, ca. 11th century, h: 76 Graph 4 Schematic model of the historical
KBC The Korean Buddhist Canon, Lewis
cm, Indian Museum, Calcutta development of Esoteric Buddhism in
Lancaster, ed
204 Detail of 203, AIIS neg. no. 247-32 eastern India, based on the study of krod-
MTS Mahavairocana Sutra
205 Pedestal for Samvara, Bihar (?), ca. late ha-vighnantaka imagery [Color Plate 16c]
MMK Mahjusrimulakalpa
nth-i2th century, National Museum,
Njo Nanjio, Bunyo A Catalogue of the Chi­
New Delhi, neg. no. 1684-90
nese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka
206 Samvara, Patharghata (Bihar), metalwork Color Plates
ns new series
ca. 11th century, h: 15.6 cm, Indian Muse­
SDPS Sarva-durgati-parisodhana
um, Calcutta 1 Acala, eastern India (?), painting on cloth,
STTS Savra-tathagata-tattva-samgraha
207 Rear veiw of 206 ca. 11th - 12th century, Shelley and Don­
T. Taisho shinshu Daizdkyd. The number
208 Samvara, eastern India, metalwork, ca. ald Rubin Collection, photo courtesy of
immediately following T. refers to the vol­
12th century, h: 15.2 cm, British Museum, Rubin Foundation
ume number, followed by the number of
courtesy of British Museum 2 Four deity thangka, central Tibet, painting
the text as order in the Taisho edition, and
209 Samvara, Orissa (?), metalwork, ca. 11th- on cloth, detail, ca. 14th century, Musée
then the page number. The small case let­
13th century, h: approx 9 cm, Indian Guimet, Fournier Donation, photo cour­
ters a, b or c refer to the three columns of
Museum, Calcutta tesy of Lionel Fournier
text on each page, beginning at the top.
210 Rear view of 209 3 Acala, detail of color plate 2, photo
Yamamoto Chikyo Yamamoto, Maha-
211 Samvara, Kashmir, brass inlaid with sil­ courtesy of Lionel Fournier
vairocana-Sutra: translated into English from
ver, ca. late loth-nth century, h: 21.6 cm, 4 Hayagriva, Ratnagiri (Orissa) ca. 9th centu­
Ta-p'i-lu-che-na ch'eng-fo shen-pien chia-ch'ih
Los Angeles County Museum of Art From ry, detail of 70
ching, the Chinese version of Subhakarasimha
the Nasli and Alice Heeramaneck Collec­ 5 Avalokitesvara, Dunhuang (western
tion, Museum Associates Purchase, no. China), painting on cloth, ca. 12th century, and I-hsing (ad 725) (New Delhi, 1990)
Note In quotations appearing in the text,
M.85.2.4 Musée Guimet
material inside parentheses () appear in the
212 Samvara, eastern India, metalwork, ca. 6 Hayagriva, detail of color plate 5
original. Material in square brackets [] is
late nth-i2th century, h: 15.3 cm, after 7 Amitâyus, central Tibet, painting on cloth,
added to clarify or explain quoted material.
Sotheby and Company, Catalogue of ca. 12th century, Los Angeles County