Risk and Resilience: Socio-Spatial and Environmental Challenges

138 Pages·2020·1.94 MB·English

by  Alessandro Balducci, Daniele Chiffi, Francesco Curci

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY  POLIMI SPRINGER BRIEFS
Alessandro Balducci
Daniele Chiffi
Francesco Curci   Editors
Risk and
Resilience
Socio-Spatial and
Environmental
Challenges
123
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
and Technology
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Alessandro Balducci Daniele Chif
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Francesco Curci
Editors
Risk and Resilience
Socio-Spatial and Environmental Challenges
123
Editors
Alessandro Balducci Daniele Chiffi
DAStU DAStU
Politecnico di Milano Politecnico di Milano
Milano,Italy Milano,Italy
Francesco Curci
DAStU
Politecnico di Milano
Milano,Italy
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISSN 2282-2577 ISSN 2282-2585 (electronic)
PoliMI SpringerBriefs
ISBN978-3-030-56066-9 ISBN978-3-030-56067-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56067-6
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Introduction
More than 300 natural disaster events were recorded worldwide in 2018, causing
about 12,000 deaths and affecting about 68 million people (CRED 2019).
Nowadays, 272 million international migrants are causing the depopulation of
remote and underdeveloped areas as well as the overpopulation of the most
developed cities and regions (IOM 2019). Moreover, income inequalities and the
demandforfood,energyandwaterincitiesaregoingtoincreasedramatically(UN
HABITAT 2016).
Starting from these general data and trends, it is possible to put forward the
following considerations. On the one hand, climate change is amplifying the
number and the magnitude of hazards, and scientific research and specific policies
areattemptingtoprevent,mitigateandrespondtoenvironmentalrisks.Ontheother
hand, the uneven economic development between large urban agglomerations and
marginalised rural areas and between central and peripheral urban areas is rapidly
increasing social disparities, migration flows and political conflicts.
Theconceptofresilience isfundamentalinfacingthechallengesposedbyboth
environmental and socio-economic risks. To be effective, resilience requires a
highlyinterdisciplinaryattitudeandamulti-scalarapproachinordertodealwiththe
complexity of socio-spatial systems. Indeed, the interplay between resilience and
differentformsofriskanduncertaintyiscrucialinordertohandlesuchcomplexity
and propose innovative policies.
While this book by no means aims to cover all the main topics that have been
discussed in the contemporary debate on risk and resilience, we have tried never-
theless to cover some of the most interesting and recently most discussed issues,
with a special focus on the Italian context.
The book is intended (i) to discuss the theoretical study of the notions of risk,
resilienceandalliedconcepts,(ii)toanalysethecurrentsocio-economictrendsand
phenomena that, at different scales, are making cities and territories vulnerable
(Italian ones in particular) and (iii) to offer the main methodological and practical
toolsoperatingatthespatialandsociallevelsinordertomitigaterisksandincrease
urban resilience. Indeed, the main objective of this book is to present an accurate
v
vi Introduction
and multifaceted approach towards risk and resilience that is sensitive to environ-
mental issues.
In particular, the eight chapters composing the book consider specific approa-
ches aimed at increasing the awareness and skills necessary to face the social,
economic and environmental challenges usually encountered in spatial planning.
Hence, the book deals with the concepts of risk and resilience from both a theo-
retical and an operational point of view. All chapters may foster a better under-
standing of risk and resilience (and other related concepts such as vulnerability,
preparedness, fragility, anti-fragility) in urban and landscape studies in order to
outline a fine-grained analysis of new planning policies.
Chapter1,byDanieleChiffiandSimonaChiodo,providesacriticalreflectionon
thenotionsofriskanduncertaintyandtheirrelevancewithinanintegratedapproach
to the methodology of planning, encompassing philosophy and urban planning.
Chapter 2, by Alessandro Balducci, points out how planning can contribute to
building the resilience of communities and territories in a general context
increasingly affected by changes and emergency situations.
Chapter 3, by Scira Menoni, discusses some definitions and interpretations of
riskandresiliencewiththeaimofsupportinglanduseandurbanplanningactivities
as non-structural mitigation measures.
Chapter 4, by Giovanni Carrosio, deals with the issue of resilience from a
socio-territorial point of view and proposes an analytical reading of the
socio-ecological crisis, highlighting the interdependencies between the environ-
mental, migration and welfare sustainability issues.
Chapter 5, by Gianfranco Viesti, uses regional and labour systems data to deal
with territorial dynamics and disparities in Italy, in particular since the 2008 eco-
nomic crisis.
Chapter 6, by Gabriele Pasqui, considers the relationship between peripheral
conditions and the growth of socio-spatial inequalities in Italian cities and, in
general, across Italy. Pasqui proposes a multidimensional approach that links
together inequalities, social fragilities and different dimensions of socio-spatial
polarisation.
Chapter 7, by Francesco Curci, deals with natural hazard avoidance strategies
and describes the most common approaches, which are based on land use regula-
tions and building bans or on managed retreat and relocation programs. Then, the
chapter discusses the ‘housing decompression’ plans and the projects proposed in
the last few decades for the hinterland of the Vesuvius volcano.
Chapter 8, by Alessandro Coppola, Silvia Crivello and Wolfgang Haupt, is
basedonawidediscussionregardingtheconceptofresilienceacrossglobalpolicy
mobility networks and focuses on the participation of Milan and Rome in the 100
resilient cities program. The chapter offers a critical analysis of the processes and
outcomes of their participation.
Introduction vii
Thebookoriginatesandispromotedwithintheactivitiesoftheresearchproject
Fragilità Territoriali at the DAStU (Department of Architecture and Urban
Studies), Politecnico di Milano (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), in partic-
ular, from the PhD course “Approaches to Resilience” from which the project of
this book stems.
Alessandro Balducci
Daniele Chiffi
Francesco Curci
References
CRED—Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2019) Natural disasters report
2018.https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CREDNaturalDisaster2018.pdf
IOM—International Organization for Migration (2019) World migration report 2020. IOM,
Geneva.https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2020
UN HABITAT—United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2016). World cities report
2016: urbanization and development: emerging futures. UN HABITAT, Nairobi. http://wcr.
unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/WCR-2016-Full-Report.pdf
Contents
1 Risk and Uncertainty: Foundational Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Daniele Chiffi and Simona Chiodo
2 Planning for Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Alessandro Balducci
3 Risk Mitigation and Resilience of Human Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Scira Menoni
4 Resilience, Cohesion Policies and the Socio-ecological Crisis. . . . . . . 49
Giovanni Carrosio
5 Some Notes on Socio-economic Territorial Imbalances
in Contemporary Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Gianfranco Viesti
6 Socio-spatial Inequalities in Urban Peripheries:
The Case of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Gabriele Pasqui
7 Natural Risks Exposure and Hazard Avoidance Strategies:
Learning from Vesuvius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Francesco Curci
8 UrbanResilienceasNewWaysofGoverning:TheImplementation
of the 100 Resilient Cities Initiative in Rome and Milan. . . . . . . . . . 113
Alessandro Coppola, Silvia Crivello, and Wolfgang Haupt
ix
Chapter 1
Risk and Uncertainty: Foundational
Issues
DanieleChiffiandSimonaChiodo
1.1 Introduction
Theaimofthischapteristwofold:first,itismeanttoprovideitsaudience(especially
non-philosophical readers) with an overview of the philosophical meanings of the
notionsofriskanduncertainty;and,second,itaimsatsuggestingwhichphilosoph-
icalperspectivesaremostpromisinginunderstandingrisksanduncertaintiesinthe
complexprocessesofembrittlementthatderivefromtherelationshipbetweenspace
andsociety.Moreover, wewillexplore how ourcitiesandlandscapes areexposed
to risk and uncertainty because of both natural and human factors. The structure
of the present contribution is the following: Sect. 1.1 provides an overview of the
philosophicalmeaningsofthenotionsofrisk(Sect.1.2)anduncertainty(Sect.1.3);
Sect.1.4containsabriefsuggestionabouthowphilosopherscanbettercollaborate
with urban planners and decision-makers working on the possible solutions to the
embrittlementofourcitiesandlandscapes;finally,Sect.1.5presentsourconclusions,
showingaunifiedapproachtowardsaphilosophyofurbanplanning.
1.2 ThePhilosophicalMeaningsoftheNotionofRisk
Beforefocusingontheconceptualmeaningofthenotionofrisk,letusstartbymaking
referencetoitsetymologicalmeaning.Theetymologyof“risk”isquiteuncertain:
theancientItalianwordriscare,whichmeans“torunintodanger”,mayrefertothe
Latinwordresecare,i.e.“tocut”,or,accordingtosomeauthors,howrockyoutcrops
B
D.Chiffi( )·S.Chiodo
DepartmentofArchitectureandUrbanStudies,PolitecnicodiMilano,Milan,Italy
e-mail:daniele.chiffi@polimi.it
S.Chiodo
e-mail:[email protected]
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A.Balduccietal.(eds.),RiskandResilience,SpringerBriefsinApplied
SciencesandTechnology,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56067-6_1