Rhogeessa parvula

2007·0.28 MB·

by  Ellen H. Roots

M S
AMMALIAN PECIES
No. 804, pp. 1–4, 3 figs.
Rhogeessa parvula.
ByEllen H. Roots and Robert J. Baker
Published 26 June 2007 by the American Society of Mammalogists
Rhogeessa H. Allen, 1866 Rhogee¨ssatumidamajorGoodwin,1958:4.Typelocality‘‘SanBar-
toloYautepec,Oaxaca,Mexico,800 m.’’
Rhogee¨ssa H. Allen, 1866:285. Type species Rhogeessa tumida
CONTEXTANDCONTENT.Contextasabove.R.parvula
H.Allen,1866:286,bysubsequentdesignation(Miller1897).
belongs to the R. tumida complex (Genoways and Baker 1996),
Rhogo¨essa Marschall, 1873:11. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
whichincludes6otherspecies:aeneus(Goodwin1958),genowaysi
Rhogee¨ssaH.Allen,1866:285.
(Baker 1984), hussoni (Genoways and Baker 1996), io (Thomas
BaeodonMiller,1906:85.TypespeciesRhogeessaalleniThomas,
1913),minutilla(Miller1897),andtumida(Allen1866).Twosub-
1892:477, by originaldesignation.
speciescurrentlyarerecognized(Wilson1991):
BaedonAlvarezandAvin˜a,1965.Incorrectsubsequentspellingof
BaeodonMiller,1906:85. R. p. majorGoodwin,1958:4; seeabove.
R. p. parvulaH.Allen,1866:285; seeabove.
CONTEXTANDCONTENT.OrderChiroptera,familyVes-
pertilionidae, subfamily Vespertilioninae, tribe Nycticeiini. Rho- DIAGNOSIS. Rhogeessa parvula (Fig. 1) is distinct from
geessacontains2subgenera,RhogeessaandBaeodon,and10spe- other species in the genus in the following ways: uropatagium
cies(GenowaysandBaker1996).Thefollowingkeytothesubgen- sparselytoheavilyfurredfrombasetopointhalfwaybetweenknees
eraandspeciesofRhogeessaisderivedfromcharactersdescribed and feet;i3usuallymuchsmallerthani2(Fig.2; LaVal1973).
in Audet et al. (1993), Baker (1984), Bickham and Baker (1977), In R. parvula, the cingulum of canines is almost straighton
Genoways and Baker (1996), LaVal (1973; characters 1–4), and the labial side, whereas in R. tumida it is convex. Further, from
Ruedasand Bickham(1992). aninternallateralview,thecinguluminR.tumidaexhibits2well-
1. Greatestlengthofskull(cid:2)14.5mm;i3unicuspid,one-sixth developed lobes, but in R. parvula this area has no conspicuous
toone-eighthcross-sectionalareaofi2;ratiooflengthof topographic features. Two other differences are: the upper profile
3rd metacarpal to length of 1st phalanx of 3rd digit (cid:3) oftheskullinR.tumidaslopesslowlyfromtheanteriorborderof
2.2:1 subgenusBaeodon;R. alleni the nasals to the occiput, without any clear horizontal portion,
------------------------------------------
Greatest length of skull (cid:4) 14.5 mm; i3 often bicuspid,(cid:2) whereas in R. parvula the profile slopes more or less abruptly in
one-sixthcross-sectionalareaofi2;ratiooflengthof3rd the frontal area, and is horizontal on top of the braincase. In R.
metacarpal tolengthof1stphalanxof3rddigit(cid:2)2.2:1 tumida, the ears are darker and contrast more sharply with the
subgenusRhogeessa;2 dorsalcolorationthaninR. parvula(Alvarezand Avin˜a1965).
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2. Lengthofear(cid:2)18mm;hairsofdorsalfur3-banded,dark- LaVal (1973) noted extensive morphological variation in R.
er atbases R. gracilis tumida, but found no correspondence to chromosomal and genic
----------------------------------------------------------------
Lengthofear(cid:3)15mm;hairsofdorsalfur2-banded,paler grouping. Additionally, Baker (1984) did not identify any cranial
atbases 3 measurementsdistinguishingthechromosomalgroupings.Noother
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3. Greatest length of skull (cid:3) 11.4 mm; lingual cingulum of charactershavebeenfoundtoconsistentlydistinguishR.parvula,
C1 smooth,lackingcusps R. mira R. tumida,andR. genowaysi(Bakeretal.1985; LaVal1973).
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Greatest length of skull 11.9–13.5 mm; lingual cingulum
GENERAL CHARACTERS. Rhogeessa parvula was de-
ofC1 notsmooth,usuallywithcusps 4
---------------------------------- scribed by Allen (1866) as follows: ear subacute at tip; lipswhis-
4. Uropatagium sparsely to heavily furred from base to point
kered;eyesverysmall,eachwithawartabove;andawartbeneath
halfwaybetweenkneesandfeet;i3usuallymuchsmaller
chin. Furabove silky, notthick,ofalightgrayishbrownforbasal
thani2 R. parvula
---------------------------------------------------------------------- one-third, fawn/chestnut/brown for apical two-thirds; fur of head
Uropatagium furred only at base; i3 usually only slightly
samecolor,andcoveringtheearsforone-halftheirlength.Beneath,
smallerthani2 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------- basal one-third of fur length inclined to grayish and apical two-
5. Color pale; length of forearm usually (cid:4) 27.6 mm; distri-
bution along northern coast ofSouthAmericaninVene-
zuelaand Colombia R. minutilla
---------------------------------------------
Colordark;lengthofforearmusually(cid:2)27.6 mm 6
----------------
6. Karyotype:2n(cid:3)52,FN(cid:3)52 R. hussoni
---------------------------------
Karyotype:2n(cid:4)52 7
-------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Karyotype:2n(cid:3)42;distributionPacificversantofChiapas,
Mexico R. genowaysi
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Karyotype: 2n (cid:4) 42, or distribution other than Chiapas,
Mexico 8
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8. Karyotype:2n(cid:3)34 R. tumida
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Karyotype:2n(cid:4)34 9
-------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Karyotype: 2n (cid:3) 32; distribution in Belize, northernGua-
temala,orthroughoutYucatanPeninsula R. aeneus
--------------
Karyotype: 2n (cid:3) 30 or 32; distribution from centralNica-
raguathroughoutnorthernSouthAmerica R. io
---------------------
Rhogeessa parvula Allen, 1866
Little Yellow Bat
FIG.1. PhotographofalivespecimenofRhogeessaparvula
R[hogee¨ssa] parvula H. Allen, 1866:285. Typelocality‘‘TresMa- from the tropical dry forest of the Chamela–Cuixmala Biosphere
rias,Mexico.’’ Reserve. Photograph by Gerardo Ceballos, reprinted with permis-
Vesperugoparvulus:Thomas,1881:203. Namecombination. sionfromLosMamı´ferosSilvestresdeMe´xico(CeballosandOliva
Rhogee¨ssa parvula parvula:Hall,1952:231. Namecombination. 2005).
2 MAMMALIANSPECIES 804—Rhogeessa parvula
FIG. 3. Geographic distribution (shaded area) of Rhogeessa
parvula. Map redrawn from Genoways and Baker (1996) and Me-
dell´ınetal.(1997).
Standard measurements(in mm)forspecimensofR.parvula
are:totallength,68.8–79.0;lengthoftail,26.1–32.0;lengthofhind
foot, 4.4–7.0; length of ear, 11.9–14.0; length of forearm, 27.7–
29.8; greatest length of skull, 11.9–12.7; zygomatic breadth, 7.5–
8.4; and lengthofmaxillarytoothrow,4.2–4.6 (Wilson1991).
Adults of R. parvula typically weigh ca. 5 g (Baker et al.
1985),butrangefrom3to8g(LaVal1973).TwomalesfromSin-
aloa,Mexico,and1nonpregnantfemaleweighed3.3,3.2,and3.1
g, respectively (Jones et al. 1972). One pregnant female collected
inSinaloaweighed4.7g(Jonesetal.1972).Noseasonaltrendsin
body masshavebeen detected(LaVal1973).
SizevariationinR.parvulahasbeendescribedasclinalwith
batsincreasinginsizefromnorthtosouth.Lengthofforearmsup-
ports this claim (26.0 mm in north, to 30.9 mm in the south—
LaVal1973).However,reexaminationofLaVal’sdatarevealedthat
thesmallestbatsoccurredinNayarit,Mexico,withsizeincreasing
bothtothenorthand tothesouth(Wilson1991).
Dimensions (mean with range, in mm) of bacula from 28 in-
dividuals are: length, 0.63 (0.48–0.76); depth, 0.13 (0.08–0.20);
and width, 0.34 (0.22–0.42—LaVal 1973). Bacula have a long,
slender,curvedshaft,roughlyellipticalincrosssection,withshort
proximalknobsextendingat45(cid:5)anglestothesagittalplanesofthe
bacula,andseparatedproximallybyindentations,andcurvingven-
trallyaroundtheurethra(LaVal1973).Thebaculumof1specimen
ofR.parvulafromSinaloa,Mexico,wasdescribedbyBrownetal.
(1971)ashavingagreatestlengthof0.73mmanditsgreatestwidth
at the base. Additionally, the central rib of the baculum was a
roundedrod,bowedventrad,withlateralflangesthatarisenearthe
baseandcurveventrad.Indorsalaspect,thebaseappearsconcave
and thesharp-tippedflangestaperrapidlytowardthecentralrib.
DISTRIBUTION. Rhogeessa parvula is distributed on the
FIG.2. Dorsal,ventral,andlateralviewsofcraniumandlat- PacificversantofmainlandMexicofromcentralSonorasouthward
eral view of mandible of an adult male Rhogeessa parvula (TTU tothewesternedgeofOaxaca(Fig.3).R.parvulahasbeencaught
6074 [The Museum, Texas Tech University mammal collection]) atelevationsaslowasca.125m(AlvarezandAvin˜a1965).R.p.
from9kmwestofRioPiaxtla,onHighway15,athighwaymarker parvula occurs in the lowlands of western Mexico at least as far
1289,Sinaloa,Mexico.Greatestlengthofskullwas12.1mm.Used northassouthernSinaloa(Jones1964).Nofossilsareknown.
withpermissionofphotographerHugoMantilla-Meluk.
FORM AND FUNCTION. Rhogeessa parvula is a very
small bat with no external specializations. Ears are small and
round, and flight membranes are relatively thick and strong. Tail
thirdstograyishfawn.Membranesalmostblackandnaked,except
extends the full length of a broad, naked interfemoral membrane
basal one-fourth of interfemoral membrane behind, which has a
(Goodwin and Greenhall 1961). The dental formula is i 1/3, c 1/1,
small,shortpatchofglisteningfur.Thepelagecolorationnotedby
m 4/5,total30 (Fig.2; Allen1866).
Alvarez and Avin˜a (1965) was yellowish, and the ears with less
contrastwiththedorsalcolorationthanoccursinR. tumida. ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION. Pregnant female
The upper side of the uropatagium is well furred to about R. parvula were collected in Tres Marias Islands from the end of
midtibia(Wilson1991).Theskullistiny,withanunusuallynarrow February to early June, and lactating females were captured from
postorbital region (Wilson 1991). Skulls are consistentlynarrower 27 April to 3 July (LaVal 1973). At least 8 females from Sinaloa
inindividualsfromTresMariasIslands,Nayarit,Mexico,especially and Sonora, Mexico, contained 2 embryos, but 2 bats from Guer-
intheareaofthemastoid,atwhichpointnoislandskullsmeasure rero, Mexico, and 1 from Sonora contained only 1 embryo each
(cid:2)6.5 mm and no mainland specimensmeasure(cid:4)6.5 mm(Wilson (LaVal1973). Four femalescollected inMayinSinaloaeachcon-
1991). tained 2 embryos (mean crown–rump length, in mm, for pairs of
804—Rhogeessa parvula MAMMALIANSPECIES 3
embryos: 6, 10, 10, 10), and 2 of 7 females caught in June were rate dehydrogenase-1,2 (Idh-1,2), general protein-4 (GP-4), 6-
gravid(meancrown–rumplength,inmm,forpairsofembryos:10, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-Pgd), mannose-6-phosphate
13). The other 5 had enlarged mammae (Jones et al. 1972). One (Mpi), phosphoglucose isomerase-1,2 (Pgi-1,2), phosphoglucomu-
female captured in July also had enlarged mammae (Jones et al. tase-1,2 (Pgm-1,2), peptidase-1 (Pep-1, substrate(cid:3)glycyl-L-leu-
1972).Flyingjuvenilesweretakenon14June,18July,and9and cine),peptidase-2(Pep-2,substrate(cid:3)leucylglycylglycine),leucine
18September(exactlocationnotspecified—LaVal1973).Thepres- aminopeptidase (Lap), esterase-1,2 (Est-1,2), alcohol dehydroge-
ence of flying young and embryos in Guerrero in June and Feb- nase (Adh), glutamateoxalatetransaminase-1(Got-1),and(cid:7)-glyc-
ruary–March, respectively, suggests that parturition occurs earlier erophosphate dehydrogenase ((cid:7)-Gpd).ThealleleattheMdh-1lo-
in the southern portion of the range of R. parvula (LaVal 1973). cus is shared with the outgroup Eptesicus fuscus (Baker et al.
OnemoltingfemalefromTresMariasIslandswasrecorded4July, 1985).Theisozymeallelesatthefollowinglociarealsodistinctive
presumably just after weaning her young (LaVal 1973). One sub- from that of all other Rhogeessa: Mpi; Pgi-1,2; Pgm-2; Pep-2;
adult and 1 adult female were taken 23 June 1970 in a mango Est-1;Adh;Got-1;(cid:7)-Gpd(Bakeretal.1985).Nei’sgeneticidentity
orchardatSantaRosa,Mexico(MatsonandPatten1975).Onemale (Nei 1972) is 0.42 for R. parvula, 0.36 for R. genowaysi and R.
R. p. parvula captured on 30 October had testes 6 mm in length aeneus,and 0.41 forR. ioandR. hussoni(Bakeretal.1985).
(Jonesetal.1972).
CONSERVATIONSTATUS.Rhogeessaparvulaislistedas
lower risk, near threatened (International Union for Conservation
ECOLOGY.From1950to1968inSinaloa,Mexico,R.par-
ofNatureandNaturalResources;www.iucnredlist.org).Arroyo-Ca-
vula parvula was captured mainly over ponds or streams.Collec-
brales and Baker (2005) indicated that this species is common at
tion elevations ranged from 3 to 549 m (Jones et al. 1972). How-
isolated localities but recommended that habitat should be pro-
ever,2specimenswerecollectedinSantaRosaat1,219m(Matson
tectedattheselocalitiesbecausethenumberoflocalitiesatwhich
and Baker1986).
this species has been collected is low given the geographic range
On12June1962,1maleR.parvulawasnettedovertheRio
ofthespecies.
Elota at 396 m elevation in Durango, Mexico, with Nyctinomops
femorosaccus ((cid:3) Tadarida femorosacca) and 3 unspecified Arti- REMARKS. In the 1960s, what today is recognized as the
beus(Jones1964). The region ofthe RioElotaisnotablebecause R. tumida complex consisted of the 3 smallest bats in the genus
it was where subtropical vegetation occurred. A fairly narrowbelt Rhogeessa: parvula, tumida, and minutilla. R. parvula and R.
ofthisvegetationoccupiesmoderateelevationsonthewesternslope tumida were distributed from Mexico to Trinidad (excluding To-
oftheSierraMadreOccidentalatthelatitudeofDurangoinwestern bago) and thoughtto besympatric.Ultimately,R. parvulawasre-
Mexico,anddendriticextensionsofthistypeofhabitatoccureast- stricted to the western coast of Mexico, whereas R. tumida occu-
ward along the valleys of most of the larger rivers that flow from piedtheremainderoftherange(northernandwesternSouthAmer-
themountainstotheGulfofCaliforniaorthePacificOcean(Jones ica and Central America). R. parvula was distinguished from R.
1964). tumida primarily by chromosomal differences (Baker 1984). Ad-
TenR.parvulaweremistnettedon25and27March1964in ditionalchromosomaldifferences(Bakeretal.1985)definedother
anareaofcactus–mesquitevegetationatthebaseofalowcliffover geographically restricted units. The Latin derivation of parvula
water 7 km north of El Infiernillo, Michoacan, Mexico (18(cid:5)17(cid:6)N, meanslittle.TheetymologyforRhogeessaremainselusive.
101(cid:5)50(cid:6)W),atanelevationofca.125mwiththefollowingspecies: We thank H. Genoways for editorial assistance.Supportedin
Balantiopteryx p. plicata, Macrotus waterhousii mexicanus,Mi- partbyBiologicalDatabaseProgramofTheMuseumofTexasTech
cronycterismegalotismexicana,Rhogeessaalleni,andR.tumida University.
(AlvarezandAvin˜a1965;LaVal1973).Daytimetemperatureswere
35–40(cid:5)C and nighttime temperature was only slightly cooler (Al- LITERATURECITED
varezand Avin˜a1965). ALLEN,H. 1866. NotesontheVespertilionidaeoftropicalAmer-
AtMariaMadrein TresMarı´asIslands,R. parvulawascap- ica.ProceedingsoftheAcademyofNaturalSciencesofPhil-
turedwithBauerusdubiaquercus((cid:3)Antrozousdubiaquercus),Ar- adelphia18:279–288.
tibeus lituratus, Glossophaga soricina,Lasiurus borealis,andM. ALVAREZ,T.,ANDC.E.AVIN˜A. 1965. Baedon[sic]alleni,Rho-
waterhousii (Bogan 1978). All were mistnetted between February geessa tumida major and R. p. parvula newly reported for
and March1976, oversmalltricklingpoolsinarroyos. Michoacan,withnotesonthequalitativedifferentiationofthe
TwoR.parvulawerecollectedin1976inTresMariasIslands tworhogeessas.SouthwesternNaturalist10:69–78.
inbrilliantmorningsunshine(Wilson1991).R.parvulaiscommon ARROYO-CABRALES,J.,ANDROBERTJ.BAKER. 2005. Rhogeessa
on all islands in this group and usually tends to fly early in the parvula H. Allen, 1866. Pp. 309–310 in Los mamı´feros sil-
afternoon,wellbeforeduskinmanycases(Wilson1991). vestresdeMexico(G.CeballosandG.Oliva,eds.).Fondode
CulturaEconomica,Mexico,DistritoFederal,Mexico.
GENETICS.WithinthegenusRhogeessa,the2n(cid:3)44,FN AUDET, D., M. D. ENGSTROM, AND M. B. FENTON. 1993. Mor-
(cid:3) 50 karyotype is unique to R. parvula, with no reported intra- phology,karyology,andecholocationcallsofRhogeessa(Chi-
specific chromosomal variation (Bickham and Baker 1977; LaVal roptera:Vespertilionidae)fromtheYucatanPeninsula.Journal
1973). This karyotype is further distinguished from theotherspe- ofMammalogy74:498–502.
ciesinthegenusbythe4biarmedautosomes.However,the2n(cid:3) BAKER, R. J. 1970. Karyotypic trends in bats. Pp. 65–96 in Bi-
44,FN(cid:3)50cytotypeoccursin2othergeneraofVespertilionidae, ologyofbats(W.A.Wimsatt,ed.).AcademicPress,NewYork.
MyotisandPipistrellus(Baker1970).R.parvulapossessesanau- BAKER, R. J. 1984. A sympatric cryptic species of mammal: a
tosomal complement containing 1 large, 1 medium, and 1 small newspeciesofRhogeessa(Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae).Sys-
pairofmetacentrics;1pairofmediumsubtelocentrics;and17pairs tematicZoology33:178–183.
ofacrocentricsgradinginsizefrommediumtosmall.TheXchro- BAKER, R. J., J. W. BICKHAM, AND M. L. ARNOLD. 1985. Chro-
mosome is a medium submetacentric; the Y is a small submeta- mosomal evolution in Rhogeessa (Chiroptera: Vespertilioni-
centric (Baker and Patton 1967). Two specimens of 2n (cid:3) 44, FN dae):possiblespeciationbycentricfusions.Evolution39:233–
(cid:3) 50 were initially identified by Baker and Patton (1967) as R. 243.
gracilis,butwerelaterplacedamongR. parvula(LaVal1973). BAKER,R.J.,ANDJ.L.PATTON. 1967. Karyotypesandkaryotypic
Relative to the standard karyotype (Bickham 1979; Volleth variation of North American vespertilionid bats. Journal of
1985)proposedforvespertilionidbats,the4biarmedchromosomes Mammalogy48:270–286.
consist of the 16/17 fusion element that is primitive for Myotis, BICKHAM,J.W. 1979. Bandedkaryotypesof11speciesofAmer-
Eptesicus, and the genus Rhogeessa; a fusion of the 20/18 ele- icanbats(genusMyotis).Cytologia44:789–797.
ments, which issharedby allRhogeessa;andthefusionofthe3/1 BICKHAM, J. W., AND R. J. BAKER. 1977. Implications of chro-
andthe25/5,whichareuniquetoR. parvula.InmiddleAmerica mosomal variation in Rhogeessa (Chiroptera: Vespertilioni-
alone, 2n(cid:3)44 appearsto representareproductivelyisolatedlin- dae).JournalofMammalogy58:448–453.
eage(Bakeretal.1985). BOGAN,M.A. 1978. AnewspeciesofMyotisfromtheIslasTres
Twenty-one presumptive loci coding for enzymes and serum Marias,Nayarit,Mexico,withcommentsonvariationinMyotis
proteins were assayed using enzyme staining and electrophoretic nigricans.JournalofMammalogy59:519–530.
techniques (Baker et al. 1985). These included malate dehydro- BROWN, R. E., H. H. GENOWAYS, AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. 1971.
genase-1,2(Mdh-1,2),lactatedehydrogenase-1,2(Ldh-1,2),isocit- BaculaofsomeNeotropicalbats.Mammalia35:456–464.
4 MAMMALIANSPECIES 804—Rhogeessa parvula
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