Table Of ContentRhinology and
Skull Base Surgery
From the Lab to the Operating Room:
An Evidence-based Approach
Christos Georgalas, PhD, DLO, FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Director, Endoscopic Skull Base Center
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wytske Fokkens, MD, PhD
Professor
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
With contributions by
Nithin D. Adappa, Robert V. Almeyda, Isam Alobid, Jastin Antisdel, Humera Babar-Craig, Samuel S. Becker, Brett Bell, Rajiv K.
Bhalla, Benjamin S. Bleier, Ulrike Bockmühl, Andrea Bolzoni Villaret, Cornelius Jan Brenkman, Hans Rudolf Briner, Ricardo L.
Carrau, Paolo Castelnuovo, Marco D. Caversaccio, Daniel T. T. Chua, Roxana Cobo, Noam A. Cohen, Vassilios Danielides, Pascal
Demoly, Leo F. S. Ditzel Filho, Wolfgang Draf, Patrick Dubach, Nicolas Dulguerov, Davide Farina, Berrylin J. Ferguson, Juan
C. Fernandez-Miranda, Wytske Fokkens, Nicole J. M. Freling, Paul A. Gardner, Christos Georgalas, Philippe Gevaert, Mitchell
R. Gore, Jan Gosepath, Haralampos Gouveris, Hakon Hakonarson, Samuel Heimgartner, Peter W. Hellings, Philippe Herman,
Claire Hopkins, Nick S. Jones, Amin B. Kassam, Robert M. Kellman, Daniel F. Kelly, Bhik Kotecha, Stilianos E. Kountakis,
Haytham Kubba, Jean-Silvain Lacroix, Basile Nicolas Landis, Donald C. Lanza, Annie S. Lee, Sarah Lovell, Tim C. Lueth, Franklin
Mariño-Sánchez, Nancy McLaughlin, Ralph Metson, Joaquim Mullol, Piero Nicolai, Gilbert J. Nolst Trenité, Reza Nouraei,
James N. Palmer, Vasileios Papanikolaou, Kalpesh S. Patel, Santdeep H. Paun, Oliver Pfaar, Daniel M. Prevedello, Emmanuel
Prokopakis, Susanne M. Reinartz, Herbert Riechelmann, Peerooz Saeed, Hesham Saleh, Glenis K. Scadding, Rodney J. Schlosser,
Brent Senior, Jian-Bo Shi, Li Shi, Daniel Simmen, Ameet Singh, Elisabeth Victoria Sjoegren, Carl H. Snyderman, Zachary M.
Soler, Alla Y. Solyar, Gero Strauss, Andrew C. Swift, Ingrid Terreehorst, Timoleon F. Terzis, Marc A. Tewfi k, Matthew J. Tormenti,
Elina Toskala, Bert van der Baan, Wouter R. van Furth, Cornelius M. van Drunen, Thibaut Van Zele, Carel D. A. Verwoerd,
Henriette L. Verwoerd-Verhoef, De-Yun Wang, Stefan Weber, William Ignace Wei, Ronald B. Willemse, Peter-John Wormald,
Giannis Yiotakis, Bing Zhou
979 illustrations
Thieme
Stuttgart • New York
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergo-
ing continual development. Research and c linical e xperience are
R hinology and skull base surgery : from the lab to the operating continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowl-
room : an evidence-based approach / edited by Christos Georga- edge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book
las, Wytske Fokkens. mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured
p. ; cm. that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every eff ort
Includes bibliographical references and index. to ensure that such references are in accordance with t he state of
ISBN 978-3-13-153541-2 knowledge at the time of production of the book.
I. Georgalas, Christos. II. Fokkens, Wytske J. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guar-
[DNLM: 1. Rhinitis--surgery. 2. Sinusitis--surgery. 3. Nose antee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to
Diseases--physiopathology. 4. Nose Neoplasms--surgery. any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the
5. Rhinoplasty. 6. Skull Base--surgery. WV 335] book. E very user is requested to examine carefully the manu-
facturers’ leafl ets accompanying each drug and to check, if neces-
617.5’1059--dc23 sary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the
2012032355 dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications
stated by the manufacturers diff er from the statements made
in the present book. Such examination is particularly impor-
tant with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly
released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of
application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibil-
ity. The authors and publishers request every user to report to
the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors
in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at
www.thieme.com on the product description page.
Illustrator: Katja Dalkowski, MD, Buckenhof, Germany
© 2013 Georg Thieme Verlag KG,
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http://www.thieme.de referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or pro-
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Cover design: Thieme Publishing Group T his book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by
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Printed in China by Everbest Printing Ltd, Hong Kong the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the pub-
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ISBN 978-3-13-153541-2 in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeograph-
Also available as e-book: ing, preparation of microfi lms, and electronic data processing
eISBN 978-3-13-164461-9 and storage.
To my parents, Eleni and Kostas, to whom I owe everything.
To my wife, Amanda, for embarking with me on this journey.
To those who cross borders, by choice or need: our collective past, present, and future.
Christos Georgalas
To my beloved parents, Onno and Joke, who taught me, among many other things, to enjoy questioning and
exploring; and my teacher Carel Verwoerd who taught me a lot more than rhinology.
To the loves of my life, my husband Casper and my three children Sybren, Anne, and Lywke,
who lovingly and courageously try to keep me in line.
Wytske Fokkens
To access additional material or resources available with this e-book, please visit
http://www.thieme.com/bonuscontent. After completing a short form to verify your e-book
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any bonus content.
vii
Foreword
Over the last 20 years there have been a number of books disorders such as the silent sinus syndrome and pneumo-
broadly covering the many facets of the nose and sinuses. sinus dilatans. The concept of “one airway” is now gener-
However, such is the interest in this area and the pace of ally accepted, but the importance of this in understanding
progress in its investigation and treatment that this major the pathophysiology and management of rhinosinusitis
work is a welcome addition to the fi eld. Underpinned by is emphasized by authors able to authoratively consider
the wide-ranging expertise of Professor Wytske Fokkens both the upper and lower respiratory tract. D espite this,
and Christos Georgalas at the Academic Medical Center, we often struggle to improve the lot of our patients with
this multinational collaboration covers the full range of recalcitrant CRS and welcome practical advice off ered on
rhinology, from basic anatomy and physiology, through the management of these patients.
diagnostic techniques, to the entirety of sinonasal pathol- Rhinology, of course, is a multifaceted subject and,
ogy. The international authorship guarantees a balanced in addition to the full range of sinonasal p athology, the
approach and includes many well-known contributors in editors have commendably included rhinoplasty and
the fi eld as well as some “new blood” providing a fresh all of the well-established, extended applications of
view on old problems. e ndoscopic surgery to adjacent structures of the orbit and
As well as the usual topics, consideration is given to skull base. This comprehensive and h olistic approach is to
some less well-understood but expanding areas of in- be a pplauded, making this a “must have” text for anyone
terest in the nose and sinuses, such as genetics and rare interested in the nose and sinuses.
Valerie J. Lund, CBE
Professor of Rhinology, University College London
viii
Preface
“. . .When you set sail for Ithaca, 2012, resulting in chapters that are current and up-to-
wish for the road to be long, date, with both the European Position Paper on the En-
full of adventures, full of knowledge. . .” doscopic Management of Tumors of the Nose, Paranasal
Constantin P. Cavafy Sinuses and the Skull Base from 2010 as well as the Eu-
“The Road to Ithaca,” Collected Poems ropean Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps
from 2012 given consideration. It is intended as a study
I t is fair to say that, if the fi fties and sixties were the and reference book for young and experienced rhinolo-
d ecades of otology and the seventies and eighties those gists alike, with questions and answers, key points, tips
of head and neck surgery, the last 20 years have wit- and tricks, and notes included in every chapter. The DVD
nessed an unprecedented boom in rhinology. Advances included, with almost 80 videos, constitutes an integral
in basic science leading to better understanding of dis- part of the textbook, illustrating the pathology described
ease pathophysiology, improved phenotyping, advances in various chapters, demonstrating surgical approaches
in endoscopic s inonasal and skull base surgery, and an step-by-step, as well as providing a wealth of other mate-
increasingly multidisciplinary outlook have all brought a rial including data fi les for use in statistical exercises and
(r)evolution in rhinology. Today, the nose is aptly regarded three-dimensional imaging reconstructions.
as an anatomic and physiologic interface that mirrors our N evertheless, in a rapidly changing world, every text-
professional interfacing with neurosurgeons and neu- book should come with a health warning: “Consume with
rologists, allergists and chest physicians, o pthalmologists moderation, for 50% of what you know to be correct today
and orbital surgeons. This book aims to refl ect this by in medicine may be proven to be untrue tomorrow.”
presenting all the facets of this dynamic subspecialty. A lthough all the information we provide is accepted to
W e believe that any real progress in medicine, or rhi- be correct and accurate at the time of writing, we do not
nology for that matter, can only be the result of creative claim to provide eternal certainties.
integration of basic science and clinical medicine. With If this textbook makes you search the internet, debate
this in mind, we have brought t ogether some of the with colleagues, and even email the authors, then we
brightest clinicians and researchers of our generation. have succeeded. Do not accept anything written in here
We are humbled by the enthusiasm of our contributors; at face value—“nullis in verba”—challenge authority, or as
indeed, they testify to the d ynamic and extrovert out- Socrates already taught us:
look of current rhinology. Over 90 world-class experts,
presenting the most up-to-date and authoritative infor- “True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how
mation from 17 countries and 4 continents. The writing little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world
of this book started in 2010 and continued throughout around us.”
(Socrates, 469–399 BC)
Wytske Fokkens, MD, PhD
Christos Georgalas, PhD, DLO, FRCS (ORL-HNS)
