Table Of ContentRF Front-End
World Class Designs
Newnes World Class Designs Series
Analog Circuits: World Class Designs
Robert A. Pease
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8627-3
Embedded Systems: World Class Designs
Jack Ganssle
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8625-9
Power Sources and Supplies: World Class Designs
Marty Brown
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8626-6
FPGAs: World Class Designs
Clive “Max” Maxfi eld
ISBN: 978-1-85617-621-7
Digital Signal Processing: World Class Designs
Kenton Williston
ISBN: 978-1-85617-623-1
Portable Electronics: World Class Designs
John Donovan
ISBN: 978-1-85617-624-8
RF Front-End: World Class Designs
Janine Sullivan Love
ISBN: 978-1-85617-622-4
For more information on these and other Newnes titles visit: www.newnespress.com
RF Front-End
World Class Designs
Janine Sullivan Love
with
Cheryl Ajluni
John Blyler
Christopher Bowick
Joe Carr
Farid Dowla
Michael Finneran
Andrei Grebennikov
Ian Hickman
Leo G. Maloratsky
Ian Poole
Nathan O. Sokal
Steve Winder
Hank Zumbahlen
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
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09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................xi
About the Editor ............................................................................................... xiii
About the Contributors .......................................................................................xv
Chapter 1: Radio Waves and Propagation ..............................................................1
1.1 Electric Fields .................................................................................................................1
1.2 Magnetic Fields ...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Radio Waves ....................................................................................................................3
1.4 Frequency to Wavelength Conversion .............................................................................5
1.5 Radio Spectrum ...............................................................................................................6
1.6 Polarization .....................................................................................................................7
1.7 How Radio Signals Travel ..............................................................................................9
1.8 Refraction, Refl ection and Diffraction ..........................................................................10
1.9 Refl ected Signals ...........................................................................................................12
1.10 Layers above the Earth ..................................................................................................13
1.11 Ground Wave .................................................................................................................17
1.12 Skywaves .......................................................................................................................18
1.13 Distances and the Angle of Radiation ...........................................................................21
1.14 Multiple Refl ections ......................................................................................................22
1.15 Critical Frequency .........................................................................................................23
1.16 MUF ..............................................................................................................................23
1.17 LUF ...............................................................................................................................24
1.18 Skip Zone ......................................................................................................................24
1.19 State of the Ionosphere ..................................................................................................24
1.20 Fading ............................................................................................................................25
1.21 Ionospheric Disturbances ..............................................................................................26
1.22 Very Low Frequency Propagation .................................................................................27
1.23 VHF and Above ............................................................................................................28
1.24 Greater Distances ..........................................................................................................28
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vi Contents
1.25 Troposcatter ...................................................................................................................29
1.26 Sporadic E .....................................................................................................................30
1.27 Meteor Scatter ...............................................................................................................31
1.28 Frequencies above 3 GHz .............................................................................................32
Chapter 2: RF Front-End Design .........................................................................33
2.1 Higher Levels of Integration .........................................................................................34
2.2 Basic Receiver Architectures ........................................................................................36
2.3 ADC’S Effect on Front-end Design ..............................................................................57
2.4 Software Defi ned Radios ..............................................................................................58
2.5 Case Study—Modern Communication Receiver ..........................................................59
Chapter 3: Radio Transmission Fundamentals for WLANs .....................................65
3.1 Defi ning Transmission Capacity and Throughput ........................................................65
3.2 Bandwidth, Radios, and Shannon’s Law ......................................................................67
3.3 Bandwidth Effi ciency ....................................................................................................69
3.4 Forward Error Correction (FEC) ...................................................................................71
3.5 Radio Regulation ...........................................................................................................72
3.6 Licensed Versus Unlicensed Radio Spectrum ...............................................................73
3.7 Unlicensed Spectrum in the Rest of the World .............................................................75
3.8 General Diffi culties in Wireless ....................................................................................76
3.9 Basic Characteristics of 802.11 Wireless LANs ...........................................................81
3.10 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................82
Chapter 4: Advanced Architectures ......................................................................83
References ................................................................................................................................94
Chapter 5: RF Power Amplifi ers ..........................................................................95
5.1 Power Amplifi er Class of Operation .............................................................................96
5.2 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................113
References ..............................................................................................................................114
Chapter 6: RF Amplifi ers .................................................................................115
6.1 Noise and Preselectors/Preamplifi ers ..........................................................................116
6.2 Amplifi er Confi gurations ............................................................................................117
6.3 Transistor Gain ............................................................................................................117
6.4 Classifi cation by Common Element ............................................................................118
6.5 Transistor Biasing .......................................................................................................120
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Contents vii
6.6 Frequency Characteristics ...........................................................................................122
6.7 JFET and MOSFET Connections ...............................................................................123
6.8 JFET Preselector .........................................................................................................123
6.9 VHF Receiver Preselector ...........................................................................................127
6.10 MOSFET Preselector ..................................................................................................127
6.11 Voltage-tuned Receiver Preselector ............................................................................129
6.12 Broadband RF Preamplifi er for VLF, LF and AM BCB .............................................129
6.13 Push-pull RF Amplifi ers .............................................................................................132
6.14 Broadband RF Amplifi er (50 Ohm Input and Output) ................................................138
Chapter 7: Basics of PA Design .........................................................................141
7.1 Spectral-domain Analysis ...........................................................................................141
7.2 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C .............................................................147
7.3 Active Device Models .................................................................................................156
7.4 High-Frequency Conduction Angle ............................................................................162
7.5 Nonlinear Effect of Collector Capacitance .................................................................169
7.6 Push–Pull Power Amplifi ers .......................................................................................172
7.7 Power Gain and Stability ............................................................................................178
7.8 Parametric Oscillations ...............................................................................................189
References ..............................................................................................................................193
Chapter 8: Power Amplifi ers .............................................................................197
8.1 Safety Hazards to Be Considered................................................................................197
8.2 First Design Decisions ................................................................................................198
8.3 Levelers, VSWRP, RF Routing Switches ...................................................................199
8.4 Starting the Design ......................................................................................................199
8.5 Low-pass Filter Design ...............................................................................................200
8.6 Discrete PA Stages ......................................................................................................203
References ..............................................................................................................................226
Chapter 9: RF/IF Circuits .................................................................................227
9.1 Mixers .........................................................................................................................229
9.2 Modulators ..................................................................................................................235
9.3 Analog Multipliers ......................................................................................................236
9.4 Logarithmic Amplifi ers ...............................................................................................243
9.5 Tru-Power Detectors ...................................................................................................248
9.6 VGAs ..........................................................................................................................251
9.7 Direct Digital Synthesis ..............................................................................................259
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viii Contents
9.8 PLLs ............................................................................................................................268
Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................289
Chapter 10: Filters ..........................................................................................293
10.1 Classifi cation ...............................................................................................................293
10.2 Filter Synthesis ............................................................................................................296
10.3 LPFs ............................................................................................................................297
10.4 BPFs ............................................................................................................................305
References ..............................................................................................................................321
Chapter 11: Transmission Lines and PCBs as Filters ............................................325
11.1 Transmission Lines as Filters ......................................................................................326
11.2 Open-circuit Line ........................................................................................................327
11.3 Short-circuit Line ........................................................................................................328
11.4 Use of Misterminated Lines ........................................................................................329
11.5 Printed Circuits as Filters ............................................................................................336
11.6 Bandpass Filters ..........................................................................................................338
References ..............................................................................................................................339
Chapter 12: Tuning and Matching .....................................................................341
12.1 Vectors for RF Circuits ...............................................................................................341
12.2 L-C Resonant Tank Circuits ........................................................................................344
12.3 Tuned RF/IF Transformers ..........................................................................................348
12.4 Construction of RF/IF Transformers ...........................................................................349
12.5 Bandwidth of RF/IF Transformers ..............................................................................351
12.6 Choosing Component Values for L–C Resonant Tank Circuits ..................................355
12.7 The Tracking Problem .................................................................................................357
12.8 The RF Amplifi er/Antenna Tuner Problem ................................................................358
12.9 The Local Oscillator (LO) Problem ............................................................................361
12.10 Trimmer Capacitor Method .........................................................................................361
12.11 Impedance Matching in RF Circuits ...........................................................................363
12.12 Transformer Matching ................................................................................................363
12.13 Resonant Transformers ...............................................................................................364
12.14 Resonant Networks .....................................................................................................366
12.15 Inverse-L Network ......................................................................................................367
12.16 π-network ...................................................................................................................367
12.17 Split-capacitor Network ..............................................................................................368
12.18 Transistor-to-Transistor Impedance Matching ............................................................369
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Contents ix
Chapter 13: Impedance Matching ......................................................................373
13.1 Background .................................................................................................................373
13.2 The L Network ............................................................................................................376
13.3 Dealing with Complex Loads .....................................................................................380
13.4 Three-element Matching .............................................................................................383
13.5 Low-Q or Wideband Matching Networks ...................................................................389
13.6 The Smith Chart ..........................................................................................................395
13.7 Impedance Matching on the Smith Chart ...................................................................414
13.8 Software Design Tools ................................................................................................422
13.9 Summary .....................................................................................................................439
Chapter 14: RF Power Amplifi er Linearization Techniques ...................................441
14.1 RF Amplifi er Nonlinearity ..........................................................................................442
14.2 Linearization Techniques ............................................................................................445
14.3 Digital Baseband Predistortion ...................................................................................450
14.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................458
References ..............................................................................................................................458
Index ..............................................................................................................461
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