Table Of ContentRF Circuits For 5G Applications
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Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
RF Circuits For 5G Applications
Designing with mmWave Circuitry
Edited by
Sangeeta Singh
Rajeev Kumar Arya
B.C. Sahana
and
Ajay Kumar Vyas
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-79192-8
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
Part I: 5G Communication 1
1 Needs and Challenges of the 5th Generation
Communication Network 3
Anamika Raj, Gaurav Kumar and Sangeeta Singh
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 What is 5G and Do We Need 5G? 5
1.1.2 A Brief History of Gs 6
1.2 mmWave Spectrum, Challenges, and Opportunities 8
1.3 Framework Level Requirements for mmWave
Wireless Links 11
1.4 Circuit Aspects 12
1.5 Outline of the Book 14
Acknowledgement 15
References 15
2 5G Circuits from Requirements to System Models
and Analysis 19
Vipin Sharma, Rachit Patel and Krishna Pandey
2.1 RF Requirements Governed by 5G System Targets 19
2.2 Radio Spectrum and Standardization 20
2.3 System Scalability 21
2.4 Communication System Model for RF System Analysis 22
2.5 System-Level RF Performance Model 23
2.5.1 Transmitter, Receiver, Antenna Array
and Transceiver Architectures for RF
and Hybrid Beamforming 24
2.6 Radio Propagation and Link Budget 24
2.6.1 Radio Propagation Model 24
v
vi Contents
2.6.2 Link Budgeting 25
2.7 Multiuser Multibeam Analysis 26
2.8 Conclusion 28
Acknowledgement 29
References 29
3 Millimetre-Wave Beam-Space MIMO System
for 5G Applications 31
G. Indumathi, J. Roscia Jeya Shiney and Shashi Kant Dargar
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Beam-Space Massive MIMO System 34
3.2.1 System Model 36
3.2.2 Saleh-Valenzuela Channel Model 37
3.3 Array Response Vector 37
3.3.1 mmWave Beam-Space Massive (mWBSM)-MIMO
System 38
3.4 Discrete Lens Antenna Array 39
3.5 Beam Selection Algorithm 42
3.6 Mean Sum Assignment-Based Beam User Association 45
3.6.1 Performance Evaluation 46
3.7 Conclusion 49
References 49
Part II: Oscillator & Amplifier 53
4 Gain-Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques for mmWave
Fully-Integrated Amplifiers 55
Shalu C., Shakti Sindhu and Amitesh Kumar
4.1 RLC Tank 56
4.1.1 RC Low-Pass (LP) Filter 56
4.1.2 RLC Band-Pass (BP) Filter 56
4.2 Coupled Resonators 57
4.2.1 Bode-Fano (B-F) Limit 57
4.2.2 Capacitively Coupled Resonators 59
4.2.3 Inductively Coupled Resonators 60
4.2.4 Magnetically Coupled Resonators 60
4.2.5 Magnetically and Capacitive Coupled Resonator 61
4.2.6 Coupled Resonators Comparison 62
4.3 Resonators Based on the Transformers 63
4.3.1 On the Parasitic Interwinding Capacitance 63
4.3.2 Effect of Unbalanced Capacitive Terminations 64
Contents vii
4.3.3 Frequency Response Equalization 65
4.3.4 On the Parasitic Magnetic Coupling
in Multistage Amplifiers 66
4.3.5 Extension to Impedance Transformation 67
4.3.6 On the kQ Product 67
4.3.7 Transformer-Based Power Dividers (PDs) 68
4.3.8 Transformer-Based Power Combiners (PCs) 69
4.4 Conclusion 69
Acknowledgments 70
References 70
5 Low-Noise Amplifiers 73
Jyoti Priya, Sangeeta Singh and Bambam Kumar
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Basics of RFIC 75
5.2.1 Voltage Gain in dB 75
5.2.2 Power Gain in dB 75
5.2.3 Issues in RF Design 75
5.3 Structure of MOSFET 81
5.4 Bandwidth Estimation Techniques 84
5.5 Noise 88
5.5.1 Noise in MOSFET 89
5.6 Different Topologies of LNA 92
Conclusion 103
Acknowledgement 103
References 104
6 Mixer Design 107
Brajendra Singh Sengar and Amitesh Kumar
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Properties 109
6.3 Diode Mixer 114
6.4 Transistor Mixer 116
6.5 Conclusion 119
Acknowledgement 119
References 119
7 RF LC VCOs Designing 123
M. Sankush Krishna, Madhuraj Kumar, Neelesh Pratap Singh
and Anjan Kumar
7.1 Introduction 124
7.1.1 Basic VCO Models 124
viii Contents
7.1.2 Phase Noise 125
7.1.3 Flicker Noise 126
7.1.4 Distributed Oscillators 128
7.2 Tuning Extension Techniques 129
7.2.1 Varactor 129
7.2.2 Switched Capacitors 130
7.2.3 Switched Inductors 131
7.2.4 Switched TLs 132
7.2.5 4th Order Tanks and Other Techniques 132
7.3 Conclusion 133
Acknowledgement 133
References 134
8 RF Power Amplifiers 137
Anchal Tyagi, Rachit Patel and Krishna Pandey
8.1 Specification 137
8.1.1 Efficiency 138
8.1.2 Generic Amplifier Classes 138
8.1.3 Heating 139
8.1.4 Linearity 139
8.1.5 Ruggedness 140
8.2 Bipolar PA Design 140
8.3 CMOS Power Amplifier Design 142
8.3.1 Performance Parameters 143
8.3.1.1 Linearity 143
8.3.1.2 Gain 143
8.3.1.3 Efficiency 144
8.3.1.4 Output Power 144
8.3.1.5 Power Consumption 144
8.3.2 Drawbacks of CMOS Power Amplifier 144
8.3.3 Design of CMOS Power Amplifier 145
8.3.3.1 Common Cascode PA Design 145
8.3.3.2 Self-Bias Cascode PA Design 146
8.3.3.3 Differential Cascode PA Design 147
8.3.3.4 Power Combining PA Design 147
8.4 Linearization Principles: Predistortion Technique,
Phase-Correcting Feedback, Envelope Elimination
and Restoration (EER), Cartesian Feedback 148
8.4.1 Predistortion Linearization Technique 148
