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R O
EVIEW OF RTHOPAEDICS
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R
EVIEW OF
O
RTHOPAEDICS
Sixth Edition
Mark D. Miller, MD International Editors
S. Ward Casscells Professor
Tom Cosker FRCS (Tr & Orth)
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery;
Head, Division of Sports Medicine MSc (Tr Surg)
University of Virginia Clinical Fellow and Academic Lecturer
Charlottesville, Virginia; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital
Team Physician Exeter, United Kingdom;
James Madison University Academic Lecturer
Harrisonburg, Virginia; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic
Founder and Director Surgery
Miller Review Course Oxford, United Kingdom
Westminster, Colorado Course Convenor, Miller UK Review Course
Stephen R. Thompson, MD, Sherief Elsayed, MB BCh,
MEd, FRCSC MRCS (Eng)
Orthopaedic Sport Medicine Fellow Orthopaedic Surgeon
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic Queens Medical Centre
University of Western Ontario Nottingham, United Kingdom
London, Ontario, Canada Course Convenor, Miller UK Review
Course
Jennifer A. Hart, MPAS, PA-C
Physician Assistant
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia
An imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
REVIEW OF ORTHOPAEDICS ISBN: 978-1-4377-2024-2
Copyright © 2012 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods, they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
administered to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration,
and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and
knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each
individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Review of orthopaedics / [edited by] Mark D. Miller, Stephen R. Thompson, Jennifer Hart ; international
editors, Tom Cosker, Sherief Elsayed.—6th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4377-2024-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Miller, Mark D.
[DNLM: 1. Musculoskeletal Diseases—Outlines. 2 Orthopedic Procedures—Outlines. WE 18.2]
616.7—dc23
2012006956
Executive Content Strategist: Delores Meloni
Content Developer: Joan Ryan
Publishing Services Manager: Anne Altepeter
Senior Project Manager: Cheryl A. Abbott
Senior Book Designer: Ellen Zanolle
Working together to grow
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Printed in the United States of America. www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my better 3/4, Ann, who has encouraged me
to focus on my calling while calling me on my
focus
MARK D. MILLER
For Shannon, who has my unending gratitude for
her support, patience, and love
STEPHEN R. THOMPSON
For Joe, Drew, Julia, and Jordyn, who not only
tolerated but supported the hours spent at the
dining room table with constant, excited chatter
about this NEW book. And for Mark Miller,
who like all great mentors has taught me
everything that I know about orthopaedics, but
not necessarily everything that he knows
JENNIFER A. HART
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CONTRIBUTORS
Clark C. Baumbusch, MD Deborah A. Frassica, MD
Resident Physician Associate Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Pathology and Orthopaedic Surgery
Georgetown University Hospital The Johns Hopkins University
Washington, DC Baltimore, Maryland
SPINE ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY
Mark R. Brinker, MD Frank J. Frassica, MD
Director, Acute and Reconstructive Trauma Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Oncology
Fondren Orthopedic Group Chair of Orthopaedic Surgery
Texas Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Houston, Texas; The Johns Hopkins University
Clinical Professor Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY
Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, Louisiana; Frank A. Gottschalk, MD
Clinical Professor Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Baylor College of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Houston, Texas Dallas, Texas
BASIC SCIENCES REHABILITATION: GAIT, AMPUTATIONS, PROSTHESES, ORTHOSES, AND
NEUROLOGIC INJURY
Lance M. Brunton, MD
Assistant Professor Jennifer A. Hart, MPAS, PA-C
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Physician Assistant
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Virginia
HAND, UPPER EXTREMITY, AND MICROVASCULAR SURGERY Charlottesville, Virginia
SPORTS MEDICINE
A. Bobby Chhabra, MD
Charles J. Frankel Professor and Vice Chair Joseph M. Hart, PhD, ATC
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Assistant Professor
Professor of Plastic Surgery Department of Human Services / Kinesiology
Co-Director UVA Hand Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Virginia University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
HAND, UPPER EXTREMITY, AND MICROVASCULAR SURGERY RESEARCH DESIGN AND BIOSTATISTICS
Marc M. DeHart, MD Todd A. Irwin, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Clinical Assistant Professor University of Michigan
Department of Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan
Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine DISORDERS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE
Round Rock, Texas
PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Anish R. Kadakia, MD Daniel P. O’Connor, PhD
Assistant Professor and Chief Associate Professor
Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery Department of Health and Human Performance
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Houston
University of Michigan Houston, Texas
Ann Arbor, Michigan BASIC SCIENCES
DISORDERS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE
Matthew R. Schmitz, MD
William C. Lauerman, MD Assistant Professor
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Chief San Antonio Military Medical Center
Division of Spine Surgery San Antonio, Texas
Georgetown University Hospital ANATOMY
Washington, DC
SPINE Franklin D. Shuler, MD, PhD
Director, Orthopaedic Research
Edward F. McCarthy, MD Medical Director, Geriatric Fracture Program
Professor Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Traumatology
Departments of Pathology and Orthopaedic Surgery Associate Residency Program Director
The Johns Hopkins University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY Marshall University
Huntington, West Virginia
Edward J. McPherson, MD, FACS, Lifetime ANATOMY
Distinguished Fellow FACGS
Director and Founder James P. Stannard, MD
Los Angeles Orthopedic Institute Chairman and Professor
Los Angeles, California Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Missouri, Columbia;
ADULT RECONSTRUCTION
Medical Director
Todd A. Milbrandt, MD, MS Missouri Orthopaedic Institute
Program Director and Associate Professor University of Missouri Health System
University of Kentucky Columbia, Missouri
Shriners Hospital for Children TRAUMA
Lexington, Kentucky
Daniel J. Sucato, MD, MS
PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS
Chief of Staff
Matthew D. Milewski, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellow Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children;
University of Virginia Professor
Charlottesville, Virginia; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellow Dallas, Texas
Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS
Los Angeles, California
Stephen R. Thompson, MD, MEd, FRCSC
SPORTS MEDICINE
Orthopaedic Sport Medicine Fellow
TRAUMA
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic
Mark D. Miller, MD University of Western Ontario
S. Ward Casscells Professor London, Ontario, Canada
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; TRAUMA
Head, Division of Sports Medicine
University of Virginia David B. Weiss, MD
Charlottesville, Virginia; Associate Professor
Team Physician Head, Division of Orthopaedic Trauma
James Madison University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Harrisonburg, Virginia; University of Virginia
Founder and Director Charlottesville, Virginia
Miller Review Course TRAUMA
Westminster, Colorado
SPORTS MEDICINE
