Table Of ContentRethinking Epistemology 2
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Berlin Studies
in Knowledge Research
Edited by
Günter Abel
and
James Conant
Volume 2
De Gruyter
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Rethinking Epistemology
Volume 2
Edited by
Günter Abel
and
James Conant
De Gruyter
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Editors
Prof.Dr.GünterAbel
TechnischeUniversitätBerlin
InstitutfürPhilosophie
Straßedes17.Juni135
10623Berlin
Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
Prof.Dr.JamesConant
TheUniversityofChicago
Dept.ofPhilosophy
1115E.58thStreet
ChicagoIL60637
USA
e-mail:[email protected]
ISBN 978-3-11-027782-1
e-ISBN 978-3-11-027794-4
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Foreword
The present volume is the second of two volumes which together form
a publication which seeks to introduce a variety of new approaches to
current problems in epistemology.
Takentogetherthetwovolumesarethestartingvolumesof theBer-
lin Studies in Knowledge Research series. They are intended to open the
seriesandindicatesomeof thevarietyof topicstowhichthesubsequent
forthcoming volumes will each be individually devoted. As the title
which these volumes jointly bear – Rethinking Epistemology – indicates,
their shared aim is to identify important topics in the theory of knowl-
edge which have either been unduly neglected in recent philosophy or
whose consequences for other areas of epistemology in particular and
philosophy more generally have tended to remain unappreciated. This
is therefore also the central aim of the present volume as well as one
of the central aims of the entire series which this pair of volumes
seeks to indicate.
The series as a whole is animated by a number of subsidiary aims as
well. It is closely associated, both in its selection of topics and its overall
philosophical orientation, with the projects promoted by the Innova-
tionszentrum Wissensforschung (IZW), or Center for Knowledge Research,
at the Technische Universität Berlin. The goal of both the Center
and the series is to foster systematic research into the variety of forms
of knowledgethatthereare,aswellastouncoveraspectsof theirunder-
lying unity. The handful of remarks that follow are intended to provide
only the barest outline of the intellectual program of the Center and its
associated publication series. (A detailed discussion of the variety of
forms of research into the nature of knowledge here envisioned and
of what makes them valuable is provided in the opening contribution
to the first volume.) In offering these remarks here, in the Foreword
to this collection, we do not mean to suggest that the contributors to
this volume necessarily conceive of themselves as all engaged in a com-
mon intellectual project, let alone the one sketched below. We mean
rathermerelytosuggestthattheirwork,consideredcollectively,ishelp-
fully viewed as marking a certain trend in recent work in analytic phi-
losophy in both the Anglo-American and German academy – a trend
which, on the one hand, marks a notable departure from the topics
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VI Foreword
and concerns which previously formed the staple of analytic epistemol-
ogy and which, on the other hand, marks a movement in the direction
of a more capacious understanding of what knowledge is and what the
philosophical study of it might require.
For the purposes of both the volume and the series, the conception
of thedisciplineofepistemologyatworkthroughoutisintendedtobea
maximally generous one – one which encompasses a study of the full
variety of forms, practices and dynamics of knowledge, as well as
their mutually interacting points of contact and their respective mecha-
nismsof interpenetration.Itisthisgenerousconceptionof thediscipline
of epistemology that is indicated by the German expression Wissensfor-
schung and its regrettably unattractive English counterpart “knowledge
research”. On this conception, the topics of mainstream epistemology,
such as a posteriori perceptual and a priori inferential knowledge, are
asked to take their place alongside the full spectrum of other forms of
knowledge that come with the entire spectrum of human cognition,
from thought, speech, and self-consciousness to action, skill, and virtue.
Theseriestherebyseekstobringaboutanexpansionandrevisionof
classic analytical conceptions of the philosophical disciplines of episte-
mologyandthetheoryofscience.Thehopeistonudgethefuturephil-
osophicalstudyof knowledgeintoanattitudeofgreateropennesstoin-
terdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to its topic and to foster
a greater appreciation of theirreducible plurality of the various forms of
human knowledge. This leads to a reorientation of the discipline of
epistemology,undoingsomeof itsartificialrestrictionsinitsconception
of the scope of its topic, while introducing a greater emphasis on the
heterogeneityofdifferentformsof knowledge,hopefullytherebyeffect-
ing the possibility of a nuanced study of the ways in which these heter-
ogeneous forms mutually impinge upon and condition one another.
Some felt need for such forms of inquiry is reflected in the increasing
profusion of partially overlapping terminological pairs – pairs such as
“implicit/explicit”, “discursive/non-discursive”, “theoretical/practical”,
“knowing-how/knowing-that”, “conceptual/non-conceptual”, “codifia-
ble/uncodifiable”, “first-person/third-person”, personal/subpersonal”,
and “normative/non-normative” – and an increasing appreciation of the
ways in which none of the distinctions drawn by any of these termino-
logical pairs manages to align all that perfectly with those drawn by any
of the others.
Althoughitformsalesscentralpartof theagendaof thepresentvol-
ume than that of some of the forthcoming subsequent volumes, a sub-
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Foreword VII
sidiaryconcernof theseriesasawholeistohelpredefinethetraditional
theoryofscience,aswellasthevarietyofrecentformsofsciencestudies
which havesought toreplace it.Thehopeis tofostera greater dialogue
betweentheseformsof inquiryandphilosophyproper,sothatthestudy
of theacquisitionanddevelopmentofscientificknowledgecanbecome
more philosophically systematic, while philosophical reflection on sci-
ence can grow more sensitive and attentive to the genuine diversity
and irreducible historicity of the forms of scientific knowledge which
have proliferated over the centuries.
Finally, the series will seek to foster reflection on the ways in which
scientific and everyday ways of knowing overlap and diverge with one
another,whileresistingthetendencytoholdupeitherasthestandardby
which to measure the other. This last aspect of the orientation of the
series reflects its concern with promoting proper philosophical reflec-
tion on the interface between the world as it is known to us in our ev-
eryday lives (what the Germans call the Lebenswelt) and the world as its
nature is disclosed to us by the natural sciences – between what Wilfrid
Sellars called the manifest image and the scientific image of the world.
Philosophicalcomprehensionof therelationsinwhichthesetwoimages
stand to one another requires an exploration of the manifold points at
which philosophy, the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural
sciences all interact with one another. A number of the subsequent vol-
umes in this series will seek to explore some of these transdisciplinary
issues.
A final aim of this publication series is to promote and facilitate in-
tellectual exchange between European and Anglo-American scholars of
knowledge. The hope is to draw attention to key writings by European
researchers which have gone relatively unnoticed in the Anglo-Ameri-
candiscussionandtopromoteabroaderconsciousnessofseminalrecent
English-language contributions which have yet to be received in Eu-
rope. Each volume will therefore contain contributions by both
Anglo-AmericanandEuropeanscholarsworkingoncloselyrelatedtop-
ics.
The present volume of this new series has a focus which in one re-
spectiscomparativelynarrowthanthatof theseriesasawhole:ittargets
someof thecentralphilosophicalquestionsofepistemologyastheyhave
been taken up in recent years by philosophers seeking to reshape our
understanding of what knowledge is. The editors would like to express
their indebtedness to a number of institutions and persons. First, we are
grateful to the Technische Universität Berlin for establishing the Innova-
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VIII Foreword
tionszentrum Wissensforschung (Center for Knowledge Research). We would
also like to thank the publishing house Walter de Gruyter (Berlin –
New York) and above all Dr. Gertrud Grünkorn (Editorial Director)
for supporting the idea of this series from its inception. We would
also like to thank the staff of the Innovationszentrum Wissensforschung;
without their effort and commitment the present volume would not
have come into existence. Particularly, noteworthy in this regard
were the services of Peter Remmers, Martin Wolf, Hadi Faizi, Can
Atli, Katharina von Laer, Claudio Roller, Stefan Tolksdorf, Doris
Schöps, Elisabeth Simon and Daniel Smyth (Chicago). Last but not
least, we are indebted to the authors of this volume of the series. It is
throughtheircontributionsthattheideaof“RethinkingEpistemology”
has been converted from a possibility to an actuality.
Günter Abel (Berlin) & James Conant (Chicago)
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Contents
James Conant
Two Varieties of Skepticism ........................... 1
I. First-, Second-, and Third-Personal Knowledge
Quassim Cassam
Knowing What You Believe .......................... 77
David H. Finkelstein
From Transparency to Expressivism ..................... 101
James Doyle
OnFinkelstein’sAccountof theDistinctionbetweenConscious
and Unconscious States of Mind ....................... 119
Will Small
Practical Knowledge and the Structure of Action .......... 133
Matthias Haase
Three Forms of the First Person Plural .................. 229
Benjamin McMyler
Testimony, Address, and the Second Person............... 257
II. Knowledge and the Problem of Dualism
John McDowell
Tyler Burge on Disjunctivism .......................... 289
Thomas Lockhart
Motivating Disjunctivism ............................. 309
Adrian Haddock
Disjunctive Conceptions of Experience and Perceiving ...... 349
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X Contents
Martin Gustafsson
Trusting One’s Senses: McDowell on Experience, Belief and
Justification ........................................ 375
Matthew Boyle
Essentially Rational Animals ........................... 395
Notes on Contributors ............................... 429
Index of Persons .................................... 431
Index of Topics ..................................... 435
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