Residential Microgrids and Rural Electrifications

354 Pages·2021·7.342 MB·English

by  Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, C. Sharmeela, P. Sivaraman, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen

Residential Microgrids and Rural
Electrifications
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Residential Microgrids
and Rural Electrifications
Edited by
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg
University, Esbjerg, Denmark
C. Sharmeela
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India
P. Sivaraman
Leading Engineering Organisation, Chennai,
India
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg
University, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Contents
Listofcontributors xiii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1. Microgridsplanningforresidentialelectrificationinruralareas 1
RahmatKhezri,AminMahmoudiandMohammadHassanKhooban
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Microgridsinruralareas 3
1.2.1 Microgridsstructure 3
1.2.2 Microgridconfigurations 4
1.2.3 Microgridscomponents 6
1.2.4 Issuesrelatedtomicrogridsinruralareas 7
1.3 Planningofresidentialmicrogrids 9
1.3.1 Problemidentification 9
1.3.2 Inputdata 10
1.3.3 Objectivefunctions 12
1.3.4 Designconstraints 16
1.3.5 Howtosolvethemicrogridsplanningproblem 18
1.4 HOMERsoftware 19
1.4.1 Softwareintroduction 19
1.4.2 EquipmentmodelsinHOMER 19
1.4.3 OptimizationinHOMER 21
1.4.4 OutputresultsbyHOMER 21
1.4.5 SensitivityanalysisinHOMER 22
1.4.6 HOMERdeficiencies 22
1.5 Conclusion 22
References 23
2. Overviewofmicrogridsinthemoderndigitalage:
anintroductionandfundamentals 27
AnaCarolinaBorgesMonteiro,ReinaldoPadilhaFranc¸a,
RangelArthurandYuzoIano
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Microgridfundamentals 29
2.3 Microgridimpacts 32
2.4 Microgridforruralelectrification 33
2.5 Discussion 35
vi Contents
2.6 Trends 37
2.7 Conclusions 40
References 41
3. Sourcesofamicrogridforresidentialsystemsandrural
electrification 45
D.P.Kothari,AnshumaanPathakandUtkarshPandey
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Solarphotovoltaiccells 47
3.2.1 Generationofchargecarriersbecauseoftheabsorptionof
photonswithinthematerialsthatdevelopajunction 47
3.2.2 Resultingseparationofphoto-generatedchargecarriers
withinthejunction 47
3.2.3 Assortmentofphoto-generatedchargecarriersatthe
terminalsofthejunction 48
3.2.4 ComponentsofsolarPVsystem 49
3.2.5 Typesofsolarpanels 49
3.2.6 Solarinverter 49
3.2.7 Typesofsolarinverters 50
3.2.8 Batteries 50
3.2.9 Chargecontrollers 50
3.2.10 Advantagesofsolarenergy 51
3.3 Biomassandbiochemical 51
3.3.1 Thermochemical 53
3.3.2 Biochemical 53
3.3.3 Agrochemical 54
3.3.4 Benefitsofbiomassenergy 54
3.3.5 Hydropowerplant 54
3.3.6 Waterturbine 56
3.3.7 Advantagesofhydropower 57
3.4 Fuelcelltechnology 57
3.4.1 Fuelcellapplicationinmicrogridarrangements 58
3.4.2 ComparisonofFCmicrogridapplication 60
3.4.3 AdvantagesofFCsinmicrogrids 60
3.5 Windpower 62
3.5.1 Windturbinecomponents 62
3.5.2 Applicationofwindpowerinmicrogrids 63
3.5.3 Advantagesofwindpower 63
3.6 Dieselgenerator 64
3.6.1 Partsofadieselgenerator 64
3.6.2 Advantagesofadieselgenerator 65
3.7 Conclusion 65
References 66
Contents vii
4. Overviewofsourcesofmicrogridsforresidentialandrural
electrification:apanoramainthemodernage 69
ReinaldoPadilhaFranc¸a,AnaCarolinaBorgesMonteiro,
RangelArthurandYuzoIano
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Microgridconcepts 71
4.3 Solarenergy 74
4.4 Discussion 77
4.5 Trends 79
4.6 Conclusions 81
References 83
5. Designofmicrogridsforruralelectrification 87
D.P.Kothari,AnshumaanPathakandUtkarshPandey
5.1 DCmicrogrid 87
5.1.1 Overviewofthesystemandworkingmethods 88
5.1.2 DC-DCboostconverterdesign 90
5.2 Logicbehindthesystem 92
5.2.1 Sourcesidemanagement approach 92
5.2.2 Demand-sidemanagement approach 93
5.3 Resultsanddiscussion 94
5.3.1 Source-sidemanagement 94
5.4 ACmicrogrid 95
5.4.1 Introductiontothesystem 95
5.4.2 Indicatorsofsustainability 95
5.5 Hybridmicrogrid 98
5.6 Casestudyofahybridmicrogridsystem 98
5.6.1 Electricalloadsurveyofthecommunities 98
5.6.2 Sizeofthesolarenergysystem 99
5.6.3 Invertersizingandsystemvoltage 99
5.6.4 SizingthePVarray 103
5.6.5 Batteryenergystoragesystem 103
5.6.6 Chargecontrollersizing 103
5.6.7 PVenergysysteminstallationandcommissioning 104
5.6.8 Installationofelectricpoles 104
5.6.9 Motorizedboreholeforirrigationpurposes 105
5.6.10 Meteringofcustomers 105
5.6.11 Socialandeconomicimpact oftheprojectonthe
communities 105
5.7 Conclusion 106
References 106
viii Contents
6. Stand-alonemicrogridconcept forruralelectrification:areview 109
R.Zahira,D.Lakshmi,G.Ezhilarasi,P.Sivaraman,C.N.Raviand
C.Sharmeela
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Renewableenergy:thecleanfacts 111
6.3 Microgrid:acompleteruralelectrificationsolution 111
6.3.1 Electrificationinremoteregions 111
6.3.2 Benefitsanddrawbacksofaphotovoltaicsystem 113
6.3.3 Solarpanelflexibilityforaruralhome 113
6.4 Example 115
6.5 India’slatestruralelectrificationschemesandinitiatives 116
6.5.1 Scheme1:powerforall 116
6.5.2 Scheme2:Saubhagya 116
6.5.3 Scheme3:DeenDayal UpadhyayaGramJyotiYojana 117
6.6 Ruralelectrificationforhomeandindustry 117
6.6.1 Issuesinmicrogrids 119
6.7 Modelingofasolarcell 121
6.8 Batterystorage 122
6.9 Simulationanalysisofthephotovoltaicconnectedload 124
6.10 Conclusion 126
References 126
7. Ruralandresidentialmicrogrids:concepts,statusquo,model,and
application 131
AsgharAkbari,VahidVahidinasab,HamidrezaArastehand
EhsanKazemi-Robati
7.1 Introduction 132
7.2 Whatisenergypoverty? 132
7.2.1 IndexestoevaluateenergypovertyinEurope 134
7.3 The5Devolutioninenergysystems 135
7.3.1 Decentralization 135
7.3.2 Decarbonization 136
7.3.3 Democratization 137
7.3.4 Deregulation 137
7.3.5 Digitalization 138
7.4 Theroleofmicrogridsinthe5Devolutioninenergysystemsand
fightingenergypoverty 138
7.4.1 Microgridsanddecentralization 138
7.4.2 Microgridsanddecarbonization 139
7.4.3 Microgridsanddemocratization 139
7.4.4 Microgridsanddigitalization 139
7.4.5 Microgridsandderegulation 140
7.4.6 Theroleofmicrogridsinfightingenergypoverty 140
Contents ix
7.5 Ruralversusresidentialmicrogrids 141
7.5.1 Definitionofmicrogrids 141
7.5.2 Typesofmicrogrids 141
7.6 Technicalandeconomicbenefitsofmicrogrids 144
7.6.1 Environmentalissues 144
7.6.2 Investment andoperationissues 144
7.6.3 Powerqualityandreliabilityimprovements 144
7.6.4 Economicadvantages 144
7.6.5 Marketbenefits 145
7.7 Challengesofmicrogrids 145
7.7.1 Highcostsofdistributedenergyresources 145
7.7.2 Technicalproblems 145
7.7.3 Marketmonopoly 145
7.8 Loadcharacteristicsofmicrogrids 146
7.9 Microgridconfiguration 146
7.10 Literaturereview 147
7.11 Energymanagement ofmicrogrids 149
7.11.1 Mathematicalmodeling 150
7.11.2 Optimizationapproach 155
7.12 Concludingremarksandoutlook 156
References 157
8. LoadpredictionofruralareaNordicholidayresortsformicrogrid
development 163
NilsJakobJohannesen,MohanLalKolheandMortenGoodwin
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 Loadprofilebehavior 164
8.2.1 Time-series analysisofloadprofile 165
8.3 Ruralareaholidayresortsloadanalysis 165
8.4 Combinationofforecasts 167
8.5 Learningsystemsandensemblemethods 168
8.6 Treelearningasvariancereduction 169
8.6.1 Randomforestregression 170
8.7 Casestudy:Ruralareaelectricenergyloadprediction 171
8.8 Double-stackingalgorithm 171
8.8.1 Firststep:Timeorganizing 172
8.8.2 Secondstep:Algorithmdevelopmentandhyperparameter
tuning 173
8.8.3 Thirdstep:Choosingfirstlayerestimators 173
8.9 Resultsanddiscussion 173
8.9.1 Casestudy:Nordicruralarea 175
8.10 Conclusion 179
References 180