Requirements for a future seaplane/amphibian transport system

117 Pages·2011·4.15 MB·English

by  Joachim Schömann

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Requirements for a future seaplane/amphibian
transport system

Author Andrzej Majka
Department of Aircrafts and Aircraft Engines
Rzeszow University of Technology
Wolfgang Wagner
Dornier Technologie GmbH & Co. KG
Rzeszow, Poland
Uhldingen-Mühlhofen, Germany
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Keeper of Document Author or Coauthor
Work Package(s) WP5
Status Draft

Identification
Programme, Project ID FP7-AAT-2007-RTD1
Project Title: FUture SEaplane TRAffic (FUSETRA)
Version: V.0.1
File name: FUSETRA_D51_Requirements_v01.doc
Future Seaplane Transport System - Requirements

01.08.2011
Department of Aircrafts and Aircraft Engines
Rzeszow University of Technology
2, W. Pola str.
35-959 Rzeszow
Poland

Dornier Technologie GmbH & Co. KG
Hallendorfer Str. 11
88690 Uhldingen-Mühlhofen
Germany

Author:
Andrzej Majka
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
mobile : +48 () 602 441 977
[email protected]
www.fusetra.eu

Wolfgang Wagner
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
[email protected]
http://www.dornier-tech.com/

FUSETRA – Future Seaplane Traffic 2
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Future Seaplane Transport System - Requirements

Control Page

This version supersedes all previous versions of this document.
Version Date Author(s) Pages Reason
V.0.1 30.06.2011 Andrzej Majka Initial write

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Future Seaplane Transport System - Requirements

Contents

List of tables ..................................................................................................... 11
Glossary ........................................................................................................... 12
1 Objectives ................................................................................................. 13
2 Possible Seaplane Base Locations in Europe ........................................... 24
3 Seaplane park structure including infrastructure ....................................... 30
3.1 Determining the structure of the aircraft fleet ...................................... 30
3.1.1 Performance evaluation ................................................................ 33
3.1.2 Task division ................................................................................. 35
3.2 Comparative analysis of the characteristics of hydroplanes in an
amphibian system ......................................................................................... 37
3.3 Comparative analysis of the characteristics of hydroplanes in an float
system .......................................................................................................... 49
3.4 Comparative analysis of the characteristics of modified land-based
aircrafts ......................................................................................................... 54
3.4.1 Modification assumptions ............................................................. 54
3.4.2 Technical characteristics comparative analysis ............................ 55
3.4.3 Transport capabilities comparative analysis ................................. 60
3.5 Seaplane park structure ...................................................................... 68
3.6 Seaplane park infrastructure ............................................................... 68
4 Integration aspects sea-air-land ................................................................ 69
5 Development of requirements for future European seaplane/amphibian
transportation system ....................................................................................... 70
5.1 Aircraft requirements ........................................................................... 70
5.2 Infrastructure requirements ................................................................. 71
5.2.1 General ......................................................................................... 71
5.2.2 Seaport Infrastructure ................................................................... 72
5.2.3 Aircraft Infrastructure .................................................................... 73
5.3 Regulation / Certification requirements ............................................... 74
5.3.1 CS 23.51 Take-off speeds ............................................................ 75
5.3.2 CS 23.75 Landing distance .......................................................... 75
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5.3.3 CS 23.231 Longitudinal stability and control ................................. 75
5.3.4 CS 23.233 Directional stability and control ................................... 75
5.3.5 CS 23.237 Operation on water ..................................................... 76
5.3.6 CS 23.239 Spray characteristics .................................................. 76
5.3.7 CS 23.521ff Water loads .............................................................. 76
5.3.8 CS 23.751ff FLOATS AND HULLS ............................................... 77
5.3.9 CS 23.777 Cockpit controls .......................................................... 77
5.3.10 CS 23.807 Emergency exits ...................................................... 78
5.3.11 CS 23.901ff Power Plant ........................................................... 78
5.3.12 CS 23.905ff Propellers .............................................................. 79
5.3.13 CS 23.925 Propeller clearance ................................................. 79
5.3.14 CS 23.1322 Warning, caution and advisory lights ..................... 79
5.3.15 CS 23.1385ff Position light system installation .......................... 79
5.3.16 CS 23.1415 Ditching equipment ................................................ 80
5.3.17 CS 23.1501 General (OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND
INFORMATION) ........................................................................................ 80
5.3.18 CS 23.1541 General MARKINGS AND PLACARDS ................. 80
5.3.19 CS 23.1581 General (AEROPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL) ........... 81
6 Summary ................................................................................................... 82
7 References ................................................................................................ 83
8 Appendix A - Review of technical characteristics of future amphibians .... 85
8.1 L-471 ................................................................................................... 85
8.2 LA-8 .................................................................................................... 86
8.3 SA-20P(OSA) ...................................................................................... 87
8.4 SK-12 Orion ........................................................................................ 88
8.5 Istok-4 ................................................................................................. 89
8.6 Be-103 ................................................................................................ 90
8.7 A-25 .................................................................................................... 91
8.8 C-400 Captain ..................................................................................... 92
8.9 Pelican-4 ............................................................................................. 93
8.10 LAKE 250 RENEGADE ................................................................... 94
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8.11 Thurston TA16 Trojan ...................................................................... 95
8.12 CENTAUR 6 .................................................................................... 96
9 Appendix B - Review of technical characteristics of future floatplanes ..... 97
9.1 Cessna 180 ......................................................................................... 97
9.2 Cessna 182 ......................................................................................... 98
9.3 Cessna 185 ......................................................................................... 99
9.4 Cessna 206 ....................................................................................... 100
9.5 Cessna 208 ....................................................................................... 101
9.6 de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver Mark III ................................................. 102
9.7 de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter ......................................................... 103
9.8 Piper PA-18 ....................................................................................... 104
10 Appendix C - Review of technical characteristics of modified versions of
existing land-based aircraft ............................................................................ 105
10.1 MORRISON 6 ................................................................................ 105
10.2 Cessna 172R ................................................................................. 106
10.3 Cessna 182T ................................................................................. 107
10.4 Cessna 206H ................................................................................. 108
10.5 Cessna 208 CARAVAN ................................................................. 109
10.6 GA-8 Airvan ................................................................................... 110
10.7 EXPLORER 500T .......................................................................... 111
10.8 T-101 GRACH ............................................................................... 112
10.9 VulcanAir P68C ............................................................................. 113
10.10 Britten-Norman BN-2B ................................................................... 114
10.11 Britten-Norman BN-2T ................................................................... 115
10.12 HAI Y-12 ........................................................................................ 116
10.13 M-28 .............................................................................................. 117
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List of figures
Figure 1.1 Top 50 most constraining points in European airspace, PRR
2006, EUROCONTROL, Annex VI, p.95. ........................................................ 14
Figure 1.2 Road network in the EU27+2 prepared by ESPON Project 2.1.1
[21]. .................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 1.3 Railroad network in the EU27+2 [ESPON Project 2.1.1] extended
by the up-to-date information on High speed train (HST) [21]. .................. 16
Figure 1.4 Passenger transport performance, by main transport mode, EU-
25, 1995-2004 (in billion passenger-kilometers) [Panorama of Transport,
EUROSTAT, 2007, p.102] ............................................................................... 17
Figure 1.5 Transport infrastructure quality expressed as summed potential
accessibility of road, rail and air transport in the EU27+2, ESPON Project
1.2.1 by S&W, 2004. ........................................................................................ 18
Figure 1.6 All European airports location .................................................... 19
Figure 1.7 All European landing fields location (airports are included) .... 20
Figure 1.8 Distribution of the European airport pair distances .................. 20
Figure 1.9 Cumulative distribution function of the city distance to the
nearest airport ................................................................................................ 21
Figure 1.10 Cumulative distribution function of the population within
catchment’s areas of aerodromes ................................................................ 22
Figure 2.1 All European seaports location................................................... 24
Figure 2.2 Distribution of distances from seaport to the nearest airport .. 25
Figure 2.3 Example air routes realised by seaplanes ................................. 26
Figure 2.4 Distribution of distances from main European airports to
seaports .......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 2.5 Distribution of distances from seaport to the nearest city
(seaports accessibility) ................................................................................. 27
Figure 2.6 Number of cities within particular radius of seaports in Europe
(seaports accessibility) ................................................................................. 28
Figure 2.7 Population within particular radius of seaport in Europe
(seaports accessibility) ................................................................................. 28
Figure 2.8 Average catchment area of seaports in Europe (seaports
accessibility) ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 3.1 Aircraft fleet transport potential (alternate fields). .................... 31
Figure 3.2 Task division between planes within a fleet (system) ............... 36
Figure 3.3 Amphibian aircrafts distribution by take-off weight .................. 38
Figure 3.4 Empty plane mass ratios ............................................................. 39
Figure 3.5 Payload mass ratios ..................................................................... 39
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Figure 3.6 Maximum flying ranges of the amphibian aircrafts ................... 41
Figure 3.7 Maximum cruising speeds of the amphibian aircrafts .............. 41
Figure 3.8 Power-to-weight ratios of the amphibian aircrafts .................... 43
Figure 3.9 Wing loadings of the amphibian aircrafts .................................. 43
Figure 3.10 Water to land take-off run ratios of the amphibian aircrafts... 46
Figure 3.11 Transport qualitative effectiveness of the amphibian aircrafts
......................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.12 Weight to number of passengers ratios of the amphibian
aircrafts ........................................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.13 Diagram of the transport capabilities of the light amphibian
aircrafts ........................................................................................................... 48
Figure 3.14 Float planes distribution by take-off weight ............................ 49
Figure 3.15 Empty plane mass ratios for float planes ................................ 50
Figure 3.16 Payload mass ratios for float planes ........................................ 50
Figure 3.17 Maximum cruising speeds of the float aircrafts ...................... 51
Figure 3.18 Power-to-weight ratios of the float planes ............................... 51
Figure 3.19 Wing loadings of the float aircrafts .......................................... 52
Figure 3.20 Water to land take-off run ratios of the float planes ................ 52
Figure 3.21 Transport qualitative effectiveness of the float aircrafts ........ 53
Figure 3.22 Weight to number of passengers ratios of the float aircrafts. 53
Figure 3.23 modification of single engined existing land-based aircraft .. 54
Figure 3.24 modification of twin engined existing land-based aircraft ..... 54
Figure 3.25 Single engined aircrafts distribution by take-off weight ......... 55
Figure 3.26 Twin engined aircrafts distribution by take-off weight ........... 55
Figure 3.27 Empty plane mass ratios for single engined aircrafts ............ 56
Figure 3.28 Empty plane mass ratios for twin engined aircrafts ............... 56
Figure 3.29 Payload mass ratios for single engined aircrafts .................... 57
Figure 3.30 Payload mass ratios for twin engined aircrafts ....................... 57
Figure 3.31 Power-to-weight ratios of the single engined aircrafts ........... 58
Figure 3.32 Power-to-weight ratios of the twin engined aircrafts .............. 58
Figure 3.33 Water to land take-off run ratios of the single engined aircrafts
......................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 3.34 Water to land take-off run ratios of the twin engined aircrafts59
Figure 3.35 MORRISON 6 - payload-range diagram .................................... 60
Figure 3.36 Cessna 172R - payload-range diagram .................................... 60
Figure 3.37 Cessna 182T - payload-range diagram ..................................... 61
Figure 3.38 Cessna 206H - payload-range diagram .................................... 61
Figure 3.39 Cessna 208 CARAVAN - payload-range diagram .................... 62
Figure 3.40 GA-8 Airvan - payload-range diagram ...................................... 62
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Figure 3.41 EXPLORER 500T - payload-range diagram .............................. 63
Figure 3.42 T-101 GRACH - payload-range diagram ................................... 63
Figure 3.43 VulcanAir P68C - payload-range diagram ................................ 64
Figure 3.44 Britten-Norman BN-2B - payload-range diagram ..................... 64
Figure 3.45 Britten-Norman BN-2T - payload-range diagram ..................... 65
Figure 3.46 HAI Y-12 - payload-range diagram ............................................ 65
Figure 3.47 M-28 - payload-range diagram................................................... 66
Figure 3.48 Diagram of the transport capabilities of the modified versions
of land-based aircrafts ................................................................................... 67
Figure 3.49 Optimum specialization fields determined on the basis of
transport effectiveness criterion (3.12) ........................................................ 68
Figure 3.50 Optimum specialization fields determined on the basis of
Direct Operating Cost criterion (3.14) .......................................................... 68
Figure 5.1 Typical seaport configuration: .................................................... 72
Figure 5.2 Ramp configuration ..................................................................... 72
Figure 5.3 Real existing seaport (Russia). Source: Diagrams and picture
Beriev Presentation AERO Frierichshafen................................................... 73
Figure 8.1 Amphibian aircraft L-471 ............................................................. 85
Figure 8.2 Amphibian aircraft LA-8 ............................................................... 86
Figure 8.3 Amphibian aircraft SA-20P(OSA) ................................................ 87
Figure 8.4 Amphibian aircraft SK-12 Orion .................................................. 88
Figure 8.5 Amphibian aircraft Istok-4 ........................................................... 89
Figure 8.6 Amphibian aircraft Be-103 ........................................................... 90
Figure 8.7 Amphibian aircraft A-25 AEROPRAKT ....................................... 91
Figure 8.8 Amphibian aircraft C-400 Captain ............................................... 92
Figure 8.9 Amphibian aircraft Pelican-4 ....................................................... 93
Figure 8.10 Amphibian aircraft Lake 250 Renegade ................................... 94
Figure 8.11 Amphibian aircraft Thurston TA16 Trojan ............................... 95
Figure 8.12 Amphibian aircraft CENTAUR 6 ................................................ 96
Figure 9.1 Floatplane Cessna 180 ................................................................. 97
Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Floatplane Cessna 182 ............................................... 98
Figure 9.4 Floatplane Cessna 185 ................................................................. 99
Figure 9.5 Floatplane Cessna 206 ............................................................... 100
Figure 9.6 Floatplane Cessna 208 ............................................................... 101
Figure 9.7 Floatplane de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver Mark III ....................... 102
Figure 9.8 de Havilland DHC-6 Floatplane Twin Otter ............................... 103
Figure 9.9 Floatplane Piper PA-18 .............................................................. 104
Figure 10.1 MORRISON 6............................................................................. 105
Figure 10.2 Cessna 172R ............................................................................. 106
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Figure 10.3 Cessna 182T ............................................................................. 107
Figure 10.4 Cessna 206H ............................................................................. 108
Figure 10.5 Cessna 208 Caravan ................................................................ 109
Figure 10.6 GA-8 Airvan .............................................................................. 110
Figure 10.7 Explorer 500T............................................................................ 111
Figure 10.8 T-101 Grach .............................................................................. 112
Figure 10.9 VulcanAir P68C......................................................................... 113
Figure 10.10 Britten-Norman BN-2B ........................................................... 114
Figure 10.11 Britten-Norman BN-2T ........................................................... 115
Figure 10.12 HAI Y-12 .................................................................................. 116
Figure 10.13 M-28 ......................................................................................... 117

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