Table Of ContentReligion and Social Transformations in Cyprus
Mnemosyne
Supplements
History and Archaeology
of Classical Antiquity
Editedby
SusanE.Alcock,BrownUniversity
ThomasHarrison,Liverpool
WillemM.Jongman,Groningen
VOLUME347
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/mns
Religion and Social
Transformations in Cyprus
Basileis Strategos
From the Cypriot to the Hellenistic
By
GiorgosPapantoniou
LEIDEN•BOSTON
2012
Coverillustration:StatueofAphroditewithEros,fromatempleatGolgoi–74.51.2464,Metropolitan
MuseumofArt,NewYork,TheCesnolaCollection,Image©MetropolitanMuseumofArt.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Papantoniou,Giorgos.
ReligionandsocialtransformationsinCyprus:fromtheCypriotbasileistotheHellenistic
strategos/byGiorgosPapantoniou.
p.cm.–(Mnemosyne.supplements.historyandarchaeologyofclassicalantiquity;v.347)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-90-04-22435-3(hardback:alk.paper)–ISBN978-90-04-23380-5(e-book:alk.paper)
1.Religionandpolitics–Cyprus.2.Religionandsociology–Cyprus.3.Archaeologyand
religion–Cyprus.4.Sacredspace–Cyprus.5.Cyprus–Antiquities.6.Cyprus–Civilization.7.
MediterraneanRegion–Civilization–Greekinfluences.8.Ironage–Cyprus.I.Title.
BL65.P7P3732012
292.00939'3709014–dc23
2012027325
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ISSN0169-8958
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Στηµητέραµου…
Γιαόλαόσαδενµπόρεσαναεκφράσωµελόγια…
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements................................................... ix
Preface................................................................ xiii
ListofAbbreviations.................................................. xv
ListofTables,ChartsandFigures..................................... xvii
ChronologicalTable .................................................. xxv
MapofCyprus ........................................................ xxvii
Introduction.......................................................... 1
1. ‘SettingtheScene’:HistoricalNarratives,Theoretical
ConsiderationsandaMethodologyforInterpretation............. 7
1.1. FromBasileistoStrategos:TellingtheStory .................. 7
1.2. ContinuitiesandInterruptions:TowardsanArchaeologyof
Religion ....................................................... 15
1.3. HistoryofResearch,MethodologicalProblemsand
Limitations.................................................... 21
1.4. FromaCypriottoaPan-HellenisticContextandBack:
Hellenistic‘Hellenisations’andCulturalKoine ............... 28
1.5. FromCypriottoHellenisticKoine ............................ 52
1.6. SocialPowerandtheArchaeologyofReligion................ 54
1.7. Methodology.................................................. 69
2. SacredLandscapes................................................. 73
2.1. Introduction .................................................. 73
2.2. TheoreticalBackgroundtotheStudyofSacredLandscapes .. 74
2.3. SurveyAnalysisandItsImplicationsfortheStudyofCypriot
SacredLandscapes............................................ 79
2.4. CypriotSacredLandscapesoftheTransition ................. 84
2.4.1. TheSacredLandscapesoftheCypriotCity-Kingdoms 86
2.4.2. TheHellenisticSacredLandscapes..................... 116
2.5. ConcludingRemarksontheCypriotSacredLandscapesof
theTransition................................................. 160
3. CaseStudies:ChangeandVariation ............................... 163
3.1. Introduction .................................................. 163
viii contents
3.2. Soloi........................................................... 166
3.2.1. HistoryofResearchandTopography................... 166
3.2.2. TheTemplesatCholades .............................. 167
3.2.3. ‘Revisiting’Soloi-Cholades:‘Syncretism’ofCults,
PowerandIdeology .................................... 172
3.3. Amathous..................................................... 208
3.3.1. HistoryofResearchandTopography................... 208
3.3.2. The‘Palace’andItsSanctuaries ........................ 209
3.3.3. TheSanctuaryofAphrodite............................ 214
3.3.4. The‘SubterraneanCultPlace’.......................... 224
3.3.5. ‘Syncretism’ofCults,PowerandIdeology.............. 233
3.4. ConcludingRemarksonSoloiandAmathousStudies ........ 290
4. Cypriot‘Portraits’ .................................................. 295
4.1. Introduction .................................................. 295
4.2. PtolemaicCult ................................................ 296
4.3. ‘Portraiture’andHellenisticRoyalSculptures................. 302
4.4. Hellenistic‘Portraits’inaCypriotContext.................... 309
4.4.1. HistoryofScholarship.................................. 310
4.4.2. ATypological-StylisticApproach ...................... 314
4.4.3. MaterialisationofIdeologies:AnAlternative
Approach? ............................................. 326
4.5. ConcludingRemarksonCypriot‘Portraiture’................. 351
5. Conclusions........................................................ 355
5.1. ReligionandSocialTransformationsfromBasileisto
Strategos ...................................................... 355
5.2. Power,ReligionandIdeology ................................. 356
5.3. FromCypriottoHellenisticKoine:‘MaterialHomogeneity’
and‘CulturalIdentities’....................................... 358
5.4. FromSegmentationtoUnification:‘BridgingtheGap’........ 361
5.5. NewAvenuesforCypriotandMediterraneanArchaeology... 365
Epilogue .............................................................. 369
Appendix1.Landscapes .............................................. 373
Appendix2.‘Portraits’ ................................................ 395
Bibliography.......................................................... 411
Figures................................................................ 483
Index ................................................................. 591
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ThismonographisarevisedandimprovedversionofmyPh.D.thesis,sub-
mittedinApril2008totheUniversityofDublin,TrinityCollege,forthetitle
ofDoctorofPhilosophy.Theseyearsofresearchon‘Cyprus,fromBasileisto
Strategos’havetaughtmetoappreciatehumanlifeasexperience,aswellas
humanembodiedexperiencewithrespecttoitslonguedurée,notonlyin
relationtomyself,butespeciallyinrelationtothepeoplearoundme—in
relationtomypeople.Atthecompletionofthiswork,therefore,Iwishto
expressmysincerestgratitudetoanumberofbodiesandindividualswho,
through‘bad’and(mostly)‘good’interaction,havemadetheselastyearsa
fruitfuland‘experiential’journey.Withoutthepresenceandassistanceof
thosepeople,thismonographwouldnothavebeenaccomplished,oralter-
nativelywouldnothavebeen‘whatitis’.
First and foremost, I wish to thank my Ph.D. supervisor Dr Christine
Morris,forherpreciousadvice,assistanceandexpertise,whichhelpedme
makenumerousimprovementstothepresentwork.Iamalsogratefulfor
her patience, her kind support and the interest she showed not only in
myworkbutalsointhemorepracticalandpersonalobstaclesthatarose
duringmyfouryearsasaPh.D.student.Iamalsoparticularlygratefultomy
postdoctoralmentorProf.BrianMcGing,whohasbeenaninterestedreader
ofthiswork.
Thecompletionofthisprojectwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouta
generouspostgraduatescholarshipfromtheCentreforMediterraneanand
NearEasternStudies(CMNES),TrinityCollegeDublin(2003–2008),anda
one-year postdoctoral fellowship from the Irish Research Council for the
HumanitiesandSocialSciences(IRCHSS),GovernmentofIreland(2009–
2010).AdditionalfundinghasalsobeenprovidedbytheA.G.LeventisFoun-
dation(2003–2006),theÉcolefrançaised’Athènes(2005)andtheFounda-
tionofNationalScholarshipsoftheRepublicofCyprus(IKY)(2003–2004).
Thefinaleditingandproof-readingofthebookwasmadeunderthetenure
ofathree-yearpostdoctoralfellowshipfromtheIrishResearchCouncilfor
theHumanitiesandSocialSciences(IRCHSS),GovernmentofIreland,co-
fundedbytheEuropeanCommission(MarieCurieInternationalOutgoing
Fellowships)(2011–2014).
I would further like to thank both the Department of Classics and the
Centre for Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies at Trinity College
