Reinventing Russia

312 Pages·2021·19.511 MB·English

by  Tom Ryan, Lauren Perfect, Scott Sweeney

REVOLUTIONS
REINVENTING RUSSIA 3RD
EDITION
TOM RYAN
LAUREN PERFECT
SCOTT SWEENEY
First published 2021 by:
Beyond the Book
To access additional resources for this textbook, visit
www.htavshop.com.au/beyond-the-book
History Teachers’ Association of Victoria
Suite 105
134–136 Cambridge Street
Collingwood VIC 3066
Australia
Phone [phone]
Email [email protected]
Web www.htav.asn.au
Shop www.htavshop.com.au
© Tom Ryan, Lauren Perfect and Scott Sweeney, 2021
Reinventing Russia 3rd edition
by Tom Ryan, Lauren Perfect and Scott Sweeney
978 1 922481 02 3 (print)
978 1 922481 03 0 (ebook)
Publisher: Georgina Argus
Typesetting and design: Sally Bond
Editor: Philip Bryan
Printed by: Southern Impact
www.southernimpact.com.au
Cover image: Shawshots / Alamy Stock Photo
Reproduction and communication for educational purposes: Reproduction and communication for other purposes:
This publication is protected by the Australian Copyright Act 1968 Except as permitted under the Act (for example: a fair dealing for
(the Act). The Act allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of
of the pages of this publication, whichever is the greater, to be this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without
its educational purposes provided that the educational institution prior written permission from the History Teachers’ Association
(or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to of Victoria. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the
Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL address above.
licence for educational institutions contact:
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright.
Copyright Agency Limited However, should any infringement have occurred, the publishers offer
Level 12, 66 Goulburn Street, their apologies and invite the copyright owners to contact them.
Sydney NSW 2000
Telephone: [phone] | Facsimile: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the HTAV. While reasonable checks have been
made to ensure the accuracy of statements and advice, no responsibility can be accepted for errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for any
loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of material in this publication is accepted by the authors or the HTAV.
Give yourself the best chance of exam success
ADVICE FOR THE EXAM
··· tasianpmns ofpotlaer t weexdria temixne gwm aitp hhlai gsrahs m-fsopcrol edr iirnfefgse prreeosnnpts oeqnsuseestion types
FRENCH REVOLUTION ed2intido n

STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION ed2intido n

STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE

CHINE S E REVOL UTI ON ed2intido n

STUDY AND EXAM GUI DE

REVISION TOOLS

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ed2intido n ·· rteimviesiloinne cshecklists

STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE · quizzes

Ian Lyell

Ian Lyell K·E·· · Ytkkca eeoKbyynl N etqiensuO ndaotiWntv medidsL ad uE(ppiaaDprlgsieGm,r damEa mtrooysv tesshoumeume rVmcnCetaEssr aaSisntniundddg hiy dki seeDtayoes sriniicgfanolr imntaetriponretations)
www.htavshop.com.au

REINVENTING RUSSIA 3RD
EDITION
TOM RYAN
LAUREN PERFECT
SCOTT SWEENEY
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ............................................................vi
About the Authors .............................................................vii
Revolutions—An Introduction .........................................viii
SECTION A: CAUSES OF REVOLUTION 1
Overview ........................................................................................1 Base and Superstructure ....................................................32
Timeline .........................................................................................2 Marxist Basics .........................................................................................33
Russian Marxism: Social Democratic Labour Party ...................35
Chapter 1: Imperial Russia (1855–1896) ...................................6
A vanguard party ................................................................35
The Land and its People ................................................................8 Bolsheviks and Mensheviks ........................................................36
Geography .............................................................................8 The Who’s Who of Russian Marxism ..................................................38
Population .............................................................................9
Marxism-Leninism .......................................................................38
Nationalities and Russification ............................................9
Democratic centralism .......................................................38
Social Classes ...............................................................................11 From theory to practice ......................................................39
Peasants ..............................................................................11 Imperialism: the highest stage of capitalism ...................39
Working class.......................................................................13 The state and revolution ....................................................40
Commercial and professional middle classes ....................13 Marxism-Leninism Basics ......................................................................40
The upper and ruling classes ..............................................13
The Populist Tradition .................................................................40
The Tsarist Regime ......................................................................15 Socialist revolutionaries ....................................................41
State council ........................................................................15
Liberals and Reformist Opposition ...........................................42
Committee of Ministers ......................................................15
Octobrists ............................................................................43
Institutional weaknesses ....................................................16
Kadets ..................................................................................43
Civil service .........................................................................16
Chapter 2 Review ........................................................................45
Provincial governments and zemstvos ..............................17
Russian Orthodox Church ...................................................17 Chapter 3: A Crisis of Modernisation (1904–1905) ..............46
Military ................................................................................18
Modernisation and Industrialisation .........................................48
Police and Okhrana .............................................................18
The Great Spurt ...................................................................48
Famine Crisis ................................................................................19 Trans-Siberian Railway .......................................................48
Tsar Alexander II, 1818–1881 ..............................................................20 Limitations ..........................................................................48
Tsar Alexander III, 1845–1894 .............................................................21 Living and working conditions ..........................................49
The Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II ..............................................21 Rising tensions ....................................................................49
Khodynka Field ....................................................................22 Sergei Witte, 1849–1915 ......................................................................51
Tsar of All-Russia.................................................................22 Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 ...............................................52
Tsar Nicholas II, 1868–1918 .................................................................24 The rise of Japan .................................................................52
Chapter 1 Review ........................................................................27 Failed negotiations .............................................................52
War .......................................................................................53
Chapter 2: Opposition to the Tsarist Regime ........................28
The Treaty of Portsmouth .................................................54
Marxism .......................................................................................30 Domestic impacts of the war .............................................54
Historical Materialism ........................................................30
Mirskii and the Zemstvo Proposals ............................................56
Dialectical Materialism .......................................................30
Bloody Sunday .............................................................................57
Key Terms ..................................................................................................31
Gapon’s petition..................................................................57
ii
Bloody Sunday ....................................................................57 War and Politics...........................................................................94
Bloody Nicholas ..................................................................58 War Industries Committee and Union of Zemstvos ..........94
Georgi Gapon, 1870–1906 ....................................................................59 The Progressive Bloc ...........................................................95
Accounts of Bloody Sunday .................................................................61 Commander-in-Chief Tsar Nicholas ....................................96
The 1905 Revolution ...................................................................62 The Tsarina and Rasputin ...................................................97
Peasants and nationalities ................................................62 Ministerial leapfrog ............................................................97
Students ..............................................................................62 The murder of Rasputin ......................................................98
Soldiers and sailors ............................................................62 Grigory Rasputin, 1869–1916............................................................101
Liberals ................................................................................63 Alexandra Feodorovna Romanov, 1872–1918 ................................102
St Petersburg soviet ...........................................................63 The February Revolution...........................................................103
The October Manifesto ...............................................................64 February Revolution timeline ..........................................104
From Revolution to Reform ........................................................66 Chapter 5 Review ......................................................................109
Liberals ................................................................................66
Chapter 6: The Dual Authority (March–October 1917) ......110
Peasants ..............................................................................66
Workers, revolutionaries and the soviet ...........................66 Power and Authority ................................................................112
Significance of 1905 ...........................................................67 Soviet Order No. 1 .............................................................112
Chapter 3 Review ........................................................................69 Lenin’s Return to Russia ............................................................115
The Finland Station ...........................................................116
Chapter 4: Repression and Reform (1906–1914) ..................70 The April Theses ................................................................116
Limitations of the Dumas ...........................................................72 War and the April Crisis ............................................................119
The Fundamental Laws .......................................................73 Revolutionary Defencism .................................................119
First Duma, April–July 1906 ...............................................74 Declaration of war aims ...................................................120
Second Duma, February–June 1907 .................................75 Miliukov’s note .................................................................121
Third Duma, November 1907–June 1912 ..........................76 The April Crisis ..................................................................121
Fourth Duma, November 1912–August 1914 ...................77 Coalition government ......................................................122
Stolypin: Reaction and Reform...................................................78 Irakli Tsereteli, 1881–1960 .................................................................123
Martial law ..........................................................................78 The June Offensive ....................................................................123
Land reform .........................................................................78 Persuader-in-Chief ............................................................124
Impact of Stolypin’s reforms .............................................79 The offensive begins .........................................................124
Pyotr Stolypin, 1862–1911 ...................................................................80 German counter-offensive ...............................................124
Chapter 4 Review ........................................................................81 The July Days .............................................................................125
Workers and soldiers protest ...........................................126
Chapter 5: War and Revolution (1914–1917) ........................82
Chernov confronts the crowd ..........................................127
Causes of World War I .................................................................84 The protests disperse .......................................................128
Initial Responses to War .............................................................85 Kerensky takes action .......................................................128
The Great Military Program .......................................................87 The Kornilov Affair ....................................................................130
Military Campaigns .....................................................................88 Second coalition Provisional Government.......................130
Battle of Lemberg, 5–21 August 1914 ..............................88 Moscow State Conference ...............................................131
Battle of Tannenberg, 13–17 August 1914 .......................89 Kornilov’s coup ..................................................................132
Battle of Masurian Lakes, The defence of Red Petrograd..........................................133
27 August–1 September 1914 .........................................89 Significance of the Kornilov Affair ..................................134
Brusilov Offensive, 22 May–31 July 1916 ........................89 Lavr Kornilov, 1870–1918 ...................................................................135
The Human Cost of War .............................................................90 The Rise of the Bolsheviks .......................................................136
Economic Impact of the War .......................................................91 Democratic State Conference ...........................................136
Railways...............................................................................92 Preparliament and the last coalition .............................137
Inflation ...............................................................................92 The Provisional Governments .............................................................138
Agriculture and the peasantry ..........................................93 Alexander Kerensky, 1881–1970 ........................................................139
The rich get richer ...............................................................93 Chapter 6 Review ......................................................................141
REINVENTING RUSSIA 3RD EDITION iii
Chapter 7: The October Revolution
(10–27 October 1917) ..........................................................142
Decline of Provisional Government .........................................144
Meeting of Bolsheviks on 10 October .............................144
Military Revolutionary Committee ..........................................148
Kerensky Fights Back ...............................................................148
Assault on the Winter Palace....................................................150
The Congress of Soviets ............................................................153
The Leadership of Lenin and Trotsky .................................................155
Formation of Soviet Government .............................................156
Chapter 7 Review ......................................................................157
SECTION B: CONSEQUENCES OF REVOLUTION 158
Overview ....................................................................................158 White Armies ............................................................................197
Experiences of Revolution ........................................................160 The Armed Forces of South Russia ..................................199
Timeline .....................................................................................162 Kolchak’s Siberian forces ..................................................199
The North-Western Army ..................................................199
Chapter 8: The New Regime (October 1917–April 1918) ...166 Foreign interventionists ...................................................199
Sovnarkom: Initial Challenges ..................................................168 The Soviet-Polish War ..............................................................201
Violence and disorder .......................................................168 Treaty of Riga ....................................................................202
Authority and liberty .......................................................170 Green forces .....................................................................203
The Cheka ..................................................................................172 Red Army Success in Civil War: Key Factors .............................203
New Decrees ..............................................................................173 Geography ........................................................................203
Peasants, press and industrial workers ...........................174 Ideology .............................................................................204
Ethnic minorities ...............................................................174 Trotsky’s leadership ..........................................................204
Further decrees .................................................................174 Leon Trotsky (Lev Bronstein), 1879–1940 ........................................206
State Capitalism ........................................................................175 White Army weaknesses ...................................................208
Challenges for State Capitalism .......................................176 Chapter 10 Review ....................................................................209
Chapter 8 Review ......................................................................177
Imagery and Symbolism in the Russian Revolution ..........210
Chapter 9: Democracy and Diplomacy
(January–March 1918) .........................................................178 Chapter 11: Class War: Terror and War Communism
(March 1918–1921) ..............................................................212
Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly ................................180
Terror ..........................................................................................214
Election results .................................................................180
Methods of terror .............................................................216
The Assembly convenes ....................................................181
Justifications for terror ....................................................216
Dissolution of the Assembly ............................................182
Execution of the Tsar and His Family ...............................................217
Significance of the Constituent Assembly .....................183
White Terror ......................................................................218
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ......................................................185
War and Terror.......................................................................................220
The question of peace or war ..........................................186
Felix Dzerzhinsky, 1877–1926 ............................................................221
The Germans respond .......................................................187
War Communism ........................................................................222
Consequences of the Treaty .............................................188
Nationalisation of industry ..............................................222
Nikolai Bukharin, 1888–1938 ............................................................189
Militarised workplaces ....................................................223
The end of Coalition Government ...................................192
Forced labour for the bourgeoisie ..................................223
Chapter 9 Review ......................................................................193
Abolition of money ...........................................................224
Chapter 10: Civil War (May 1918–1921) ..............................194 Black market trading ........................................................224
State-supplied services ....................................................225
Beginnings of Civil War .............................................................196
The crusade for bread .......................................................225
Czech Legion ......................................................................197
iv
Committees of the Poor ...................................................226 Chapter 13: A New Society? (1921–1927) ...........................256
Requisition squads ............................................................226 Evolution of the Cheka .............................................................258
Pipes v. Lih on Lenin: Historical interpretations .............................228 United State Political Administration (OGPU) ................258
War Communism: Interpretations ...................................229 Comparisons with Okhrana ..............................................258
Everyday Impacts of the Civil War ...........................................230 Political Repression ...................................................................259
The Great 1921 Famine ....................................................231 Mensheviks and SRs ..........................................................259
Peasant unrest ..................................................................232 Artists and intellectuals ...................................................259
Structure and culture of the party-state ........................232 Boris Cederholm’s memoir ...................................................................260
Sverdlov and Soviet Congress ..........................................233 Artistic Developments ..............................................................261
Yakov Sverdlov, 1885–1919 ................................................................234 Revolutionary styles and movements .............................261
Chapter 11 Review ....................................................................237 Visual propaganda ...........................................................263
Revolutionary theatre .....................................................263
Chapter 12: From Crisis to Compromise:
Futurist May Day, 1918 ......................................................................263
Kronstadt and the NEP (1921–1927) .................................238
Daily Life ....................................................................................264
The Kronstadt Revolt ................................................................240
Literacy and Education ............................................................265
The reddest of the red ......................................................240
The power of words ..........................................................265
Rally in Anchor Square ......................................................241
Literacy improvements .....................................................266
Soviets without Communists ...........................................243
Anatoli Lunacharsky, 1875–1933 ......................................................268
The Red Army suppresses Kronstadt ..............................244
Women’s Rights .........................................................................268
Significance of the Kronstadt Rebellion ..........................244
Inessa Armand, 1874–1920................................................................269
The New Economic Policy ..........................................................245
Zhenotdel ..........................................................................270
Lenin presents the NEP to the Party ...............................245
Kollontai and women’s liberation ...................................270
A return to State Capitalism ............................................246
Modernisation and Electrification ...........................................271
A crisis of ideology ...........................................................247
The significance of electrification ...................................271
Communist Party debates ................................................247
Alexandra Kollontai, 1872–1952 ......................................................272
Results of the NEP .....................................................................249
Planning for electrification ..............................................273
The ‘Scissors Crisis’ ...........................................................250
Benefits of electrification ................................................274
The Tenth Party Congress .........................................................251
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), 1870–1924 ...................................275
Opposition platforms .......................................................251
Party Leadership and the Death of Lenin ...............................278
Ban on factions .................................................................252
Lenin’s testament .............................................................278
Green armies .....................................................................253
Lenin’s funeral and legacy ................................................279
Chapter 12 Review ....................................................................255
Chapter 13 Review ....................................................................281
Continuity and Change in Russian Society, 1896–1927 .....282
SECTION C: ADDITIONAL MATERIAL 284
Endnotes ....................................................................................285
Glossary .................................................................................... 291
Index ..........................................................................................295
REINVENTING RUSSIA 3RD EDITION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IMAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NB: l=left, r=right, t=top, b=bottom, c=centre
p.ix: Pearl Baillieu @nunoftheninch; p.x(b): Library of Congress, LC-DIG-jpd-01931; p.6:
Album / Alamy Stock Photo; p.10: Ruben Hopmans; p.24: Library of Congress, LC-DIG-
ggbain-03873; p.28: Pictorial Press Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo; p.30: MARKA / Alamy Stock
Photo; p.38: Wwamirhosseinww [CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/4.0)]; p.47: Album / Alamy Stock Photo; p.48: Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-136561; p.51:
Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-08800; p.55(t): Ruben Hopmans; p.55(bl): Granger
Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo; p.70: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd / Alamy
Stock Photo; p.72: Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-135382; p.79: Pearl Baillieu @nunoftheninch;
p.82: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo; p.84: Ruben Hopmans; p.88:
Ruben Hopmans; p.92: Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-59386; p.95: Library of Congress, LC-
DIG-ggbain-03871; p.100: World History Archive / Alamy Stock Photo; p.110: World History
Archive / Alamy Stock Photo; p.119: Granger Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo;
p.143: © Vladimir Serov/Russian Author’s Society [RAO]. Copyright Agency, 2020. Photo 12 /
Alamy Stock Photo; p.146: Ruben Hopmans; p.147: Ruben Hopmans; p.151(t): Visem [CC BY-SA
3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)]; p.155(t): Tom Ryan; p.155(br): Library of
Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-35130; p.159(b): Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-33302; p.160-161:
Pearl Baillieu @nunoftheninch; p.162(b): Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo; p.167: Pictorial Press
Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo; p.179: Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo; p.181: Ruben Hopmans; p.183:
Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-28899; p.185: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo / Alamy Stock
Photo; p.186: Pearl Baillieu @nunoftheninch; p.190: Ruben Hopmans; p.191: Ruben Hopmans;
p.195: Shawshots / Alamy Stock Photo; p.196: Library of Congress, LC-B2- 5580-6; p.198: Ruben
Hopmans; p.199: Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-28646; p.201(b): Library of Congress, LC-
USZ62-88976; p.202: Ruben Hopmans; p.204(b): Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-33302;
p.208: Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-29429; p.212: The Picture Art Collection /
Alamy Stock Photo; p.229: Pearl Baillieu @nunoftheninch; p.230(l): Library of Congress,
LC-usz62-95141; p.235: Ruben Hopmans; p.245: Ruben Hopmans; p.248: Pearl Baillieu @
nunoftheninch; p.256: © Konstantin Fedorovich Jurkov/Russian Author’s Society [RAO].
Copyright Agency, 2020.; p.267(t): Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public
Library. (1920). Literacy the Path to Communism Retrieved from http://digitalcollections.nypl.
org/items/510d47da-402f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99; p.268(b): Library of Congress, LC-DIG-
ggbain-25077; p.269(t): Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-27287; p.270: Shawshots / Alamy
Stock Photo; p.277(t): © Viktor Ivanovich Marshumova/Russian Author’s Society [RAO].
Copyright Agency, 2020.
vi