Real World Instructional Design: An Iterative Approach to Designing Learning Experiences

407 Pages·2019·6.424 MB·English

by  Katherine S. Cennamo, Debby Kalk

Real World Instructional Design
An ideal textbook for instructional designers in training, Real World Instructional Design
emphasizes the collaborative, iterative nature of instructional design. Positing instructional design
as a process of simultaneous rather than sequential tasks with learner- centered outcomes,
this volume engages with the essential building blocks of systematically designed instruction:
learner needs and characteristics, goals and objectives, instructional activities, assessments,
and formative evaluations.
Key features include a Designer’s Toolkit that includes tips and approaches that practitioners use
in their work; vignettes and narrative case studies that illustrate the complexities and iterative
nature of instructional design; and forms, templates, and questionnaires to support students in
applying the chapter content. With updated examples, this streamlined second edition presents
a timeless approach to instructional design.
Katherine Cennamo is Professor of Learning Sciences and Technologies at Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, USA.
Debby Kalk is Learning Architect at Laureate Education and formerly served as Principal of
Cortex Learning, an e- learning developer.

Real World Instructional
Design
An Iterative Approach to Designing
Learning Experiences
Katherine Cennamo and Debby Kalk
Second edition published 2019
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
The right of Katherine Cennamo and Debby Kalk to be identified as authors of this work has
been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Wadsworth Publishing 2004
Second edition published by Routledge 2019
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Cennamo, Katherine, author. | Kalk, Debby, author.
Title: Real world instructional design : an iterative approach to designing
learning experiences / by Katherine Cennamo and Debby Kalk.
Description: Second edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | “First edition
published by Wadsworth Publishing 2004”—T.p. verso. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018031656 (print) | LCCN 2018032025 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780203712207 (eBook) | ISBN 9781138559899 |
ISBN 9781138559899qHardback | ISBN 9781138559905qPaperback |
ISBN 9780203712207qEbook
Subjects: LCSH: Instructional systems—Design.
Classification: LCC LB1028.38 (ebook) | LCC LB1028.38 .C46 2019 (print) |
DDC 371.3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018031656
ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 55989- 9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 55990- 5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978- 0- 203- 71220- 7 (ebk)
Typeset in Univers
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Visit the eResource: www.routledge.com/9781138559905
Dedication
To my father, the architect, and my mother, the teacher. Thanks to them, it
seems only natural that I design instruction.—Katherine Cennamo
To my mentors: Drs. Min Liu, Paul Resta, and Annie Pezalla. Thank you for
believing in me and inspiring me.—Debby Kalk

Contents
Preface xiv
About the Authors xx
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Instructional Design 1
Chapter Overview 1
Learning Outcomes 1
Orientation Within the Design Process 1
Introduction to Instructional Design 1
Critical Issues: The Elements of Instructional Design 6
Knowledge- Building Cycles: The Phases of Instructional Design 11
Design as Collaborative Practice 16
Applicability of Model and Processes 19
Book Overview 22
Summary 23
Notes 23
References 23
Application Activities 24
Design Aid 26
CHAPTER 2 Learner Needs and Characteristics 29
Chapter Overview 29
Learning Outcomes 29
Orientation Within the Design Process 29
Tasks at Each Phase 29
Learner Needs and Characteristics 31
Needs Description 31
Learner Characteristics 35
Implications for Instructional Materials 37
vIII Contents
Conducting Learner Analysis of Needs and Characteristics 40
Gathering Information From Learners 41
Data Analysis and Reporting 45
Putting It All Together 47
Summary 48
Learner Analysis Throughout the Phases 48
Learner Analysis and the ASC Cycle 49
Notes 49
References 49
Application Activities 50
Ideas in Action 50
Design Aid 53
CHAPTER 3 Outcomes and Assessments 54
Chapter Overview 54
Learning Outcomes 54
Orientation Within the Design Process 54
Tasks at Each Phase 54
Outcomes and Assessments 55
Identifying Learning Goals and Outcomes 57
Types of Learning Outcomes 58
Identifying Subskills 61
Determining Prerequisite Knowledge 66
Defining Success 68
Writing Objectives 68
Developing Assessments 72
Developing Scoring Keys 76
Reliability and Validity 78
Assessment Issues 81
Summary 84
Identifying Outcomes and the ASC Cycle 85
Developing Assessments and the ASC Cycle 86
Note 86
References 86
Application Activities 86
Ideas in Action 87
Design Aid 91
CHAPTER 4 Activities: Planning Learning Events 92
Chapter Overview 92
Learning Outcomes 92
Orientation Within the Design Process 92
Tasks at Each Phase 92
Learning and Learning Experiences 94
Learning Theories 94
Learning Events 95
Sequencing Events 107
Contents Ix
Summary 109
Notes 111
References 111
Application Activities 111
Ideas in Action 112
Design Aid 115
CHAPTER 5 Activities: Developing Instructional Strategy 116
Chapter Overview 116
Learning Outcomes 116
Orientation Within the Design Process 116
Developing the Instructional Strategy 116
Delivering Instructional Activities 117
Distance Versus Face- to- Face Learning 119
Blended Learning and Other Combinations 121
Formal Versus Informal Instruction 122
Chunking and Sequencing Content 123
The Size of Chunks 123
Prioritizing Content 126
Planning an Instructional Strategy 128
Aligning the Elements 129
Selecting Media Assets 131
Summary 135
Activities Throughout the Phases 135
Activities and the ASC Cycle 136
Notes 136
References 137
Application Activities 137
Ideas in Action 137
Design Aid 143
CHAPTER 6 Evaluation 145
Chapter Overview 145
Learning Outcomes 145
Orientation Within the Design Process 145
Tasks at Each Phase 145
Evaluation 146
Formative and Summative Evaluation 147
Internal Reviews 150
Identifying Errors 150
Aligning Components 150
Thinking Like a Learner 151
External Reviews 151
Expert Review 151
One- on- One Reviews 152
Pilot Tests 156
Field Trials 158