Rainfed Agriculture: Unlocking the Potential (Comprehenisve Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture)

327 Pages·2009·6.48 MB·English

by  S. P. Wani

Rainfed Agriculture:
Unlocking the Potential
Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series
Titles Available
Volume 1. Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement
Edited by Jacob W. Kijne, Randolph Barker and David Molden
Volume 2. Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones: Managing
Agriculture–Fishery–Aquaculture Conflicts
Edited by Chu Thai Hoanh, To Phuc Tuong, John W. Gowing and Bill Hardy
Volume 3. The Agriculture Groundwater Revolution: Opportunities and Threats to
Development
Edited by Mark Giordano and Karen G. Villholth
Volume 4. Irrigation Water Pricing: The Gap Between Theory and Practice
Edited by François Molle and Jeremy Berkoff
Volume 5. Community-based Water Law and Water Resource Management Reform in
Developing Countries
Edited by Barbara van Koppen, Mark Giordano and John Butterworth
Volume 6. Conserving Land, Protecting Water
Edited by Deborah Bossio and Kim Geheb
Volume 7. Rainfed Agriculture: Unlocking the Potential
Edited by Suhas P. Wani, Johan Rockström and Theib Oweis
Rainfed Agriculture:
Unlocking the Potential
Edited by
Suhas P Wani
ICRISAT, India
Johan Rockström
SEI, Sweden
and
Theib Oweis
ICARDA, Syria
in association with
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rainfed agriculture : unlocking the potential / edited by Suhas P. Wani,
Johan Rockström, and Theib Oweis.
p. cm. -- (Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture
series ; 7)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-389-0 (alk. paper)
1. Dry farming--Asia. 2. Dry farming--Africa. 3. Water in agriculture--Asia.
4. Water in agriculture--Africa. 5. Watershed management--Asia. 6. Watershed
management--Africa. I. Wani, S. P. II. Rockström, Johan. III. Oweis, Theib
Yousef. IV. Series.
SB110.R325 2009
631.5(cid:2)86--dc22 2008031275
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 389 0
Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group.
Contents
Contributors vii
Series Foreword x
Foreword xii
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 Rainfed Agriculture – Past Trends and Future Prospects 1
S.P. Wani, T.K. Sreedevi, J. Rockström and Y.S. Ramakrishna
2 Zooming in on the Global Hotspots of Rainfed Agriculture in 36
Water-constrained Environments
J. Rockström and L. Karlberg
3 Water Resource Implications of Upgrading Rainfed Agriculture – 44
Focus on Green and Blue Water Trade-offs
L. Karlberg, J. Rockström and M. Falkenmark
4 Tectonics–Climate-linked Natural Soil Degradation and its Impact 54
in Rainfed Agriculture: Indian Experience
D.K. Pal, T. Bhattacharyya, P. Chandran and S.K. Ray
5 Determinants of Crop Growth and Yield in a Changing Climate 73
P.K. Aggarwal
6 Yield Gap Analysis: Modelling of Achievable Yields at Farm Level 81
P. Singh, P.K. Aggarwal, V.S. Bhatia, M.V.R. Murty, M. Pala, T. Oweis, B. Benli,
K.P.C. Raoand S.P. Wani
7 Can Rainfed Agriculture Feed the World? An Assessment of 124
Potentials and Risk
C. de Fraiture, L. Karlberg and J. Rockström
v
vi Contents
8 Opportunities for Improving Crop Water Productivity through Genetic 133
Enhancement of Dryland Crops
C.L.L. Gowda, R. Serraj, G. Srinivasan, Y.S. Chauhan, B.V.S. Reddy, K.N. Rai,
S.N.Nigam, P.M. Gaur, L.J. Reddy, S.L. Dwivedi,H.D. Upadhyaya, P.H. Zaidi,
H.K. Rai, P. Maniselvan, R. Follkerstma and M. Nalini
9 Water Harvesting for Improved Rainfed Agriculture in the Dry 164
Environments
T. Oweis and A. Hachum
10 Supplemental Irrigation for Improved Rainfed Agriculture in WANA Region 182
T. Oweis and A. Hachum
11 Opportunities for Water Harvesting and Supplemental Irrigation for 197
Improving Rainfed Agriculture in Semi-arid Areas
P. Pathak, K.L. Sahrawat, S.P. Wani, R.C. Sachan and R. Sudi
12 Integrated Farm Management Practices and Upscaling the Impact for 222
Increased Productivity of Rainfed Systems
T.K. Sreedevi and S.P. Wani
13 Challenges of Adoption and Adaptation of Land and Water Management 258
Options in Smallholder Agriculture: Synthesis of Lessons and Experiences
B. Shiferaw, J. Okello and V. Ratna Reddy
14 Scaling-out Community Watershed Management for Multiple Benefits in 276
Rainfed Areas
P.K. Joshi, A.K. Jha, S.P. Wani and T.K. Sreedevi
Index 292
Contributors
P.K. Aggarwal, Head of Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012,
India. Email: [email protected]
B. Benli,International Center for Agricultural Research Institute in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO
Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.
V.S. Bhatia,Crop Physiologist, National Research Centre for Soybean (NRCS), Khandwa Road,
Indore 452 017, Madhya Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
T. Bhattacharyya,Principal Scientist, Division of Soil Resource Studies, National Bureau of Soil
Survey & Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India. Email:
[email protected]
P. Chandran, Division of Soil Resource Studies, National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use
Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India.
Y.S. Chauhan, Plant Sciences, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Kingaroy,
Queensland, Australia (formerly with International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India). Email: [email protected]
C. de Fraiture, International Water Management Institute, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Email:[email protected]
S.L. Dwivedi, Visiting Scientist (Genetic Resources), International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email:
[email protected]
M. Falkenmark, Professor, Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), Drottninggatan 33,
SE-111 51 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: [email protected]
R. Follkerstma, De Ruiter Seeds Inc., Leeuwenhoekweg 52 2661, CZ, Bergschenhoek, the
Netherlands. Email: [email protected]
P.M. Gaur,Principal Scientist (Chickpea Breeding), International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
C.L.L. Gowda,Global Theme Leader, Crop Improvement, International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: c.gowda@
cgiar.org
A. Hachum,Consultant, Integrated Water and Land Management Program, International Center
for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA,) Aleppo, Syria.
A.K. Jha, Senior Research Associate, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy
Research (NCAP), Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110 01 (formerly with International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India).
Email: [email protected]
vii
viii Contributors
P.K. Joshi, Director, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, Library
Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012, India. Email: [email protected]
L. Karlberg,Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Email: [email protected]
P. Maniselvan,Vegetable Breeder, BISCO Seeds India Pvt Ltd, India.
M.V.R. Murty, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502
324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
M. Nalini,Senior Scientist, Cell Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
S.N.Nigam,Principal Scientist (Groundnut Breeding), International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
J. Okello, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, Nairobi
00625, Kenya. Email: [email protected]
T. Oweis, Director, Integrated Water and Land Management Program, International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. Email: [email protected]
D.K. Pal,Principal Scientist and Head, Division of Soil Resource Studies, National Bureau of Soil
Survey & Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India. Email:
[email protected]
M. Pala,International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466,
Aleppo, Syria.
P. Pathak,Principal Scientist (Soil & Water Management), International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
H.K. Rai, Assistant Professor, S K University of Agriculture & Technology, Srinagar, India. Email:
[email protected]
K.N. Rai, Principal Scientist (Pearl Millet Breeding), Global Theme on Crop Improvement,
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra
Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
Y.S. Ramakrishna, Director, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar,
Hyderabad 500 059, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
K.P.C. Rao, International Center for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. Email:
[email protected]
S.K. Ray,Division of Soil Resource Studies, National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning,
Amravati Road, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India.
B.V.S. Reddy, Principal Scientist (Sorghum Breeding), International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
L.J. Reddy, D.No.46, ICRISAT Colony Phase I, Brg. Said Road, Secunderabad 500 009, India.
Email:[email protected]
V. Ratna Reddy, Centre for Economics and Soil Studies (CESS), Nizamia Observatory Campus,
Begumpet, Hyderabad 500 016, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
J. Rockström,Executive Director, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Email:
[email protected]
R.C. Sachan,Visiting Scientist, Global Theme on Agroecosystems, International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email:
[email protected]
K.L. Sahrawat,Visiting Scientist (Soil Chemistry), International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
R. Serraj,Senior Scientist, Crop & Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research
Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila,Philippines. Email: [email protected]
B. Shiferaw,Principal Scientist and Program Leader (Markets, Institutions, Policies and Impacts),
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, PO Box 36063, Nairobi
00623, Kenya (formerly at ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India). Email:
[email protected]
Contributors ix
P. Singh,Principal Scientist (Soil Science), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
T.K. Sreedevi,Scientist, Global Theme on Agroecosystems, International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: t.sreedevi@
cgiar.org
G. Srinivasan,Director AOU, University of California, Fresno, USA.
R. Sudi,Lead Scientific Officer, Global Theme on Agroecosystems, International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email:
[email protected]
H.D. Upadhyaya, Principal Scientist, Genetic Resources, International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: h.upadhyaya@
cgiar.org
S.P. Wani, Principal Scientist (Watersheds) and Regional Theme Coordinator (Asia), Global
Theme on Agroecosystems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,
Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]
P.H. Zaidi, Scientist, Global Maize Program, CIMMYT’s Asia Regional Office, Patancheru 502
324, Medak Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]