Quantum Communications in Optical Networks

135 Pages·2014·2.15 MB·English

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Facultad de Informática
QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS IN OPTICAL NETWORKS
PhD Dissertation
alex ciurana aguilar
Bachelor in Telecommunication Engineering (UPC)
Master in Computational Mathematics (UPM)
2014

Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos e
Ingeniería de Software
Facultad de Informática
QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS IN
OPTICAL NETWORKS
alex ciurana aguilar
Bachelor in Telecommunication Engineering (UPC)
Master in Computational Mathematics (UPM)
Supervisor:
vicente martín ayuso
Ph.D. in Physics
Associate Professor at UPM
2014
Alex Ciurana Aguilar: Quantum Communications in Optical Networks,
2014
PhD Dissertation, ©
supervisor
:
Vicente Martín Ayuso
location
:
Madrid
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ABSTRACT
Thepotentialuseofquantumsystemstoprocessandtransmitinforma-
tionhasimpulsedtheemergenceofquantuminformationtechnologies
such as quantum key distribution. Despite looking promising, their
use out of the laboratory is limited since they are a very delicate
technology due to the need of working at the single quantum level.
In this work we show how to use them in optical telecommunica-
tion networks. Using an existing infrastructure and sharing it with
other signals, both quantum and conventional, reduces dramatically
the cost and allows to reach a large group of users. In this work,
we will first integrate quantum signals in the most common passive
optical networks, for their simplicity and reach to final users. Then,
we extend this study by proposing a quantum metropolitan optical
network based on wavelength-division multiplexing and wavelength-
addressing, verifying its operation mode in a testbed. Later, we study
the distribution of entangled photon-pairs between the users of the
network with the objective of covering as much different technologies
as possible. We further explore other network architectures, changing
the topology and the technology used at the nodes. The resulting
network scales better at the cost of a more complex and expensive
infrastructure. Finally, we tackle the distance limitation problem of
quantum communications. The solution offered is based on network-
coding and allows, using multiple paths and nodes, to modulate the
information leaked to each node, and thus, the degree of trust placed
in them.
Keywords: quantum communications, quantum key distribution,
optical telecommunication networks, wavelength division multiplex-
ing, trusted repeaters, passive optical networks
vii
RESUMEN
Laposibilidaddeutilizarsistemascuánticosparaprocesarytransmitir
información ha impulsado la aparición de tecnologías de información
cuántica, p. ej., distribución cuántica de claves. Aunque prometedo-
ras, su uso fuera del laboratorio es actualmente demasiado costoso
y complicado. En este trabajo mostramos como utilizarlas en redes
ópticas de telecomunicaciones. Al utilizar una infraestructura exis-
tente y pervasiva, y compartirla con otras señales, tanto clásicas como
cuánticas, el coste se reduce drásticamente y llega a un mayor público.
Comenzamos integrando señales cuánticas en los tipos más utilizados
de redes ópticas pasivas, por su simplicidad y alcance a usuarios
finales. Luego ampliamos este estudio, proponiendo un diseño de red
óptica metropolitana basado en la división en longitud de onda para
multiplexar y direccionar las señales. Verificamos su funcionamiento
con un prototipo. Posteriormente, estudiamos la distribución de pares
de fotones entrelazados entre los usuarios de dicha red con el objetivo
de abarcar más tecnologías. Para ampliar la capacidad de usuarios,
rediseñamos la red troncal, cambiando tanto la topología como la
tecnología utilizada en los nodos. El resultado es una red metropoli-
tana cuántica que escala a cualquier cantidad de usuarios, a costa de
una mayor complejidad y coste. Finalmente, tratamos el problema
de la limitación en distancia. La solución propuesta está basada en
codificación de red y permite, mediante el uso de varios caminos y
nodos, modular lacantidad de información que tienecada nodo, y así,
la confianza depositada en él.
Palabras clave: comunicaciones cuánticas, distribución de claves
cuántica, redes ópticas de telecomunicaciones, multiplexación en lon-
gitud de onda, repetidores confiables, redes ópticas pasivas
viii
PUBLICATIONS
Some of the ideas described hereafter have been published in the
following articles:
journal papers
1
. D. Elkouss, J. Martínez-Mateo, A. Ciurana, and V. Martín, "Se-
cure optical networks based on quantum key distribution and
weakly trusted repeaters," Journal of Optical Communications and
Networking, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 316-328, 2013. (JCR 2012, Impact
1433
factor . )
2
. A.Ciurana,J.Martínez-Mateo,M.Peev,A.Poppe,N.Walenta,H.
Zbinden,andV.Martín,"Quantummetropolitanopticalnetwork
based on wavelength division multiplexing," Optics Express, Vol.
22 2 1576 1593 2014 2012 3546
, No. , pp. - , . (JCR , Impact factor . )
3
. J. Martínez-Mateo, A. Ciurana, and V. Martín, "Quantum key
distribution based on selective post-processing in passive optical
networks," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 26, No. 9, pp.
881 884 2014 2012 2038
- , . (JCR , Impact factor . )
4
. A.Ciurana,A.Poppe,J.Martínez-Mateo,M.Peev,andV.Martín,
"Entanglement distribution in optical networks," in preparation.
intellectual property
1
. A. Ciurana, J. Martínez-Mateo, V. Martín, and H. Zbinden. Mul-
tiplexor óptico pasivo (P201331312) Patent pending, Sept. 2013.
published proceedings from peer reviewed international
conferences
1
. D. Lancho, J. Martínez-Mateo, D. Elkouss, A. Ciurana, M. Soto,
and V. Martín, "Deploying QKD in standard optical networks,"
Updating Quantum Cryptography and Communications (UQCC), p.
118 2010
, Tokio, Japan, Oct. .
2
. A. Ciurana, V. Martín, J. Martínez-Mateo, A. Poppe, M. Soto, N.
Walenta, and H. Zbinden, "Multiplexing QKD systems in con-
ventional optical networks," 2nd Annual Conference on Quantum
Cryptography (QCRYPT), Singapore, Singapore, Sept. 2012.
ix
3
. A. Ciurana, J. Martínez-Mateo, M. Peev, A. Poppe, N. Walenta,
H. Zbinden, and V. Martín, "QKD in dense WDM passive opti-
cal networks," Workshop on Quantum Telecommunications, Lisboa,
2013
Portugal, May .
4
. A. Ciurana, J. Martínez-Mateo, N. Walenta, H. Zbinden, M. Peev,
A.Poppe,andV.Martín,"Proposalforawavelengthmultiplexed
quantum metropolitan area networking," 3rd Annual Conference
on Quantum Cryptography (QCRYPT), Waterloo, Canada, Aug.
2013
.
5
. D.Elkouss,J.Martínez-Mateo,A.Ciurana,andV.Martín,"Secure
optical networks based on QKD and weakly trusted repeaters,"
3rd Annual Conference on Quantum Cryptography (QCRYPT), Wa-
2013
terloo, Canada, Aug. .
6
. A.Ciurana,J.Martínez-Mateo,M.Peev,A.Poppe,N.Walenta,H.
Zbinden,andV.Martín,"Quantummetropolitanopticalnetwork
based on wavelength division multiplexing," ETSI Quantum-Safe-
Crypto Workshop, Sophia Antipolis, France, Sept. 2013.
7
. A. Poppe, B. Schrenk, F. Hipp, M. Peev, S. Aleksic, G. Franzl, A.
Ciurana, and V. Martín, "Integration of quantum key distribu-
tion in metropolitan optical networks," OSA Research in Optical
Sciences Congress, Berlin, Germany, Mar. 2014.
8
. A. Poppe, A. Ciurana, F. Hipp, B. Schrenk, M. Peev, J. Martínez-
Mateo, and V. Martín, "Entanglement generation and routing in
optical networks," European Conference on Optical Communication
(ECOC), Cannes, France, Sept. 2014.
9
. A.Ciurana,A.Poppe,J.Martínez-Mateo,M.Peev,andV.Martín,
"Entanglement distribution in quantum metropolitan optical net-
works,"4thAnnualConferenceonQuantumCryptography(QCRYPT),
Paris, France, Sept. 2014, submitted.
10
. J. Martínez-Mateo, C. Pacher, A. Ciurana, and V. Martín, "To-
wards an optimal implementation of cascade," 4th Annual Con-
ference on Quantum Cryptography (QCRYPT), Paris, France, Sept.
2014, submitted.
published proceedings from national conferences
1
. V. Martín, D. Lancho, J. Martínez-Mateo, D. Elkouss, and A.
Ciurana, "Integrating QKD in telecommunication networks,"
QUITEMAD Workshop 2011, El Escorial, Spain, Jan. 2011.
2
. A. Ciurana, N. Walenta, J. Martínez-Mateo, D. Elkouss, M. Soto,
and V. Martín, "Quantum key distribution in WDM-PON access
x