Quantitative and statistical research methods : from hypothesis to results

498 Pages·2012·47.36 MB·English

by  Bridgmon

ffirs 19June2012;20:19:21
QUANTITATIVE
AND STATISTICAL
RESEARCH METHODS
From Hypothesis to Results
WILLIAM E. MARTIN
KRISTA D. BRIDGMON
ffirs 19June2012;20:19:21
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Martin,WilliamE.(WilliamEugene),1948-
Quantitativeandstatisticalresearchmethods:fromhypothesistoresults/WilliamE.Martin,KristaD.
Bridgmon.—Firstedition.
pagescm.—(Researchmethodsforthesocialsciences;42)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-63182-9(pbk.);ISBN978-1-118-22075-7(ebk.);ISBN978-1-118-23457-0(ebk.);
ISBN978-1-118-25908-5(ebk.)
1. Psychology—Methodology. 2. Socialsciences—Methodology. 3. SPSS(Computerfile)
I. Bridgmon,KristaD.,1979- II. Title.
BF38.5.M349 2012
150.72'7—dc23
2012010748
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
FIRSTEDITION
PBPrinting 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ffirs 19June2012;20:19:21
CONTENTS
Tables and Figures ix
Preface xvii
The Authors xix
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1
Review of Foundational Research Concepts 3
Review of Foundational Statistical Information 6
The Normal Distribution 14
Chapter 2 Logical Steps of Conducting Quantitative Research:
Hypothesis-Testing Process 29
Hypothesis-Testing Process 30
Chapter 3 Maximizing Hypothesis Decisions Using Power Analysis 39
Balance between Avoiding Type I and Type II Errors 41
Chapter 4 Research and Statistical Designs 53
Formulating Experimental Conditions 54
Reducing the Imprecision in Measurement 55
fl
Controlling Extraneous Experimental In uences 57
Internal Validity and Experimental Designs 59
Choosing a Statistic to Use for an Analysis 67
Chapter 5 Introduction to IBM SPSS 20 77
The IBM SPSS 20 Data View Screen 80
fi
Naming and De ning Variables in Variable View 80
ftoc 19June2012;20:40:50
Entering Data 86
Examples of Basic Analyses 87
Examples of Modifying Data Procedures 96
Chapter 6 Diagnosing Study Data for Inaccuracies and
Assumptions 99
Research Example 100
Chapter 7 Randomized Design Comparing Two Treatments
and a Control Using a One-Way Analysis of Variance 129
Research Problem 130
Study Variables 131
Research Design 133
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research
Question 135
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative
(Research) Hypothesis (H ) 136
a
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null
Hypothesis (H ) 137
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk
Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H Considering
0
Type I and II Errors and Power 138
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic
and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H
0
Assuming H Is True 143
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect
Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and
Determine Probability Estimates 144
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding
ff
the H and Interpret Post Hoc E ect Sizes and
0
fi
Con dence Intervals 162
Formula Calculations of the Study Results 166
Chapter 8 Repeated-Treatment Design Using a
Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 183
Research Problem 184
Study Variables 185
Research Design 186
iv (cid:1) CONTENTS
ftoc 19June2012;20:40:51
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive)
Research Question 189
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative
(Research) Hypothesis (H ) 190
a
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null
Hypothesis (H ) 191
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk
Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H
0
Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 192
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate
Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test
the H Assuming H Is True 195
0 0
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data,
Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine
Probability Estimates 196
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding
ff
the H and Interpret Post Hoc E ect Sizes and
0
fi
Con dence Intervals 216
Formula Calculations of the Study Results 218
Chapter 9 Randomized Factorial Experimental Design Using
a Factorial ANOVA 231
Research Problem 232
Study Variables 232
Research Design 233
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research
Questions 237
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative
(Research) Hypothesis (H ) 238
a
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null
Hypothesis (H ) 240
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk
Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H Considering
0
Type I and II Errors and Power 241
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic
and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H
0
Assuming H Is True 247
0
CONTENTS (cid:1) v
ftoc 19June2012;20:40:51
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data,
Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine
Probability Estimates 248
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding
ff
the H and Interpret Post Hoc E ect Sizes and
0
fi
Con dence Intervals 271
Formula Calculations of the Study Results 278
Chapter 10 Analysis of Covariance 297
Research Problem 298
Study Variables 299
Research Design 300
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research
Question 301
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative
(Research) Hypothesis (H ) 301
a
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null
Hypothesis (H ) 302
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk
Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H
0
Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 302
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic
and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H
0
Assuming H Is True 306
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect
Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and
Determine Probability Estimates 307
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding
ff
the H and Interpret Post Hoc E ect Sizes and
0
fi
Con dence Intervals 324
Formula ANCOVA Calculations of the Study Results 327
ANCOVA Study Results 339
Chapter 11 Randomized Control Group and Repeated-Treatment
Designs and Nonparametics 345
Research Problem 346
Study Variables 346
vi (cid:1) CONTENTS
ftoc 19June2012;20:40:51
Research Design 347
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research
Question 349
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative
(Research) Hypothesis (H ) 349
a
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null
Hypothesis (H ) 350
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level
(Alpha) of Rejecting the True H Considering
0
Type I and II Errors and Power 350
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate
Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to
Test the H Assuming H Is True 354
0 0
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect
Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and
Determine Probability Estimates 355
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision
ff
Regarding the H and Interpret Post Hoc E ect Sizes 370
0
Formula Calculations 376
’
Nonparametric Research Problem Two: Friedmans
’
Rank Test for Correlated Samples and Wilcoxons
Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test 382
Chapter 12 Bivariate and Multivariate Correlation Methods
Using Multiple Regression Analysis 401
Research Problem 402
Study Variables 402
Research Method 403
StatingtheOmnibus(Comprehensive)ResearchQuestion 405
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the
Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (H ) 405
a
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null
Hypothesis (H ) 406
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk
Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H Considering
0
Type I and II Errors and Power 406
CONTENTS (cid:1) vii
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Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic
and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H
0
Assuming H Is True 407
0
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data,
Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine
Probability Estimates 407
Hand Calculations of Statistics 423
Chapter 13 Understanding Quantitative Literature and Research 439
Interpretation of a Quantitative Research Article 440
References 461
Index 465
viii (cid:1) CONTENTS
ftoc 19June2012;20:40:52