Pythium: Diagnosis, Diseases and Management

393 Pages·2020·29.186 MB·\393

by  Mahendra Rai (Editor), Kamel Ahmed Abd-Elsalam (Editor), Avinash P. Ingle (Editor)

Pythium

Diagnosis, Diseases and Management
Editors
Mahendra Rai
Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University

Amravati, Maharashtra, India

Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
Unit of Excellence in Nano-Molecular Plant Pathology

Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt

Avinash P. Ingle
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena,

University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil

p,
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Preface
The genus Pythium is one of the most important fungi of class Oomycota. It is a well-known soil-
borne phytopathogenic fungus causing significant damage in agriculture, forest, nurseries, etc. and
is ubiquitously found across the world. It also affects the seed germination and attacks the seedlings
both at pre- and post-emergence stage. It is an unseen enemy of the root zone of various plants and
is hence considered as “hidden terror” for a number of plants. The accurate diagnosis of Pythium
causing root rot in plants is very important because it is often confused with root rots caused by
various other fungi such as Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Chalara, Cylindrocladium, Fusarium and
Aphanomyces. Taxonomic identification of Pythium species is also important as they vary in their
host range and temperature requirements. It is proposed that Pythium root rot is difficult to control
once rot has begun; therefore, its effective and eco-friendly management is a major concern. In
addition, Pythium is responsible for causing infections in different animals including horses, dogs,
human being, etc. and such infections are known as Pythiosis.
Considering these facts, the present book is focused on all the important aspects related to
Pythium biology. Broadly, this book is divided into four parts: Part I deals with an overview, host
range and plant diseases, Part II presents various challenges in the taxonomy and diagnosis, and
also current technological developments in detection and diagnosis of Pythium, Part III is devoted
to the role of Pythium as human pathogen and Part IV is focused on the management of Pythium.
The text in each chapter is supported by numerous clear, informative tables and figures. Each chapter
contains relevant references of published articles, which offers a potentially large amount of primary
information and further links to a nexus of data and ideas.
All the chapters included in the present book have been written by the specialists, experts in
the concerned topic and these chapters are highly informative and detailed. Therefore, we believe
that this book will serve as a rich guide for undergraduate or graduate students of various disciplines
like agriculture, plant pathology, plant physiology, mycology, molecular biology, biotechnology,
and allied subjects. In addition, the book will be useful for researchers in these fields and the people
working in various agro-based industries, regulatory bodies, food and agriculture organizations.
The editors are highly thankful to all the contributors for their outstanding efforts to provide
state-of-the-art information on the subject matter for their respective chapters. The collective efforts
taken by all the authors will help to enhance and update the knowledge of the readers, particularly
about Pythium and its pathogenesis in both plants and animals. We express our sincere thanks to the
publisher and the authors of the chapters, whose research work have been cited in the book. We are
also thankful to the entire team at CRC Press for their generous cooperation and efforts in producing
this book. MR wishes to thank University Grants Commission, New Delhi for the award of BSR
Faculty Fellowship.
We hope that the book will be useful for all the readers to find the required information on the
latest research and advances in the field of Pythium biology.
Mahendra Rai
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
Avinash P. Ingle

Contents
Preface iii
Part I: Incidence, Host-range and Diseases
1. The Genus Pythium: An Overview 3
Mahendra Rai, Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, Avinash P. Ingle, Priti Paralikar
and Pramod Ingle
2. The Genus Pythium in Three Different Continents 15
Hani Mohamed Awad Abdelzaher, Shaima Mohamed Nabil Moustafa and Hashem
Al-Sheikh
3. Pythium: Diseases and Their Management 30
Patrycja Golińska and Magdalena Świecimska
4. The Genus Phytopythium 45
Abdul Mubeen Lodhi, Saleem Shahzad and Rehana Naz Syed
5. Top Three Plant Pathogenic Pythium Species 77
Amal-Asran and Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
6. Pythium Species Associated With Die-back Apple Trees and Citrus
Gummosis in Tunisia 92
Naima Boughalleb-M’Hamdi, Najwa Benfradj and Souli Mounira
7. Pathogenic and Beneficial Pythium Species in China: An Updated Review 107
Hon H. Ho and Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
8. The Pythium Complex of the Mid-North Region of Brazil 123
Janete Barros da Silva, Douglas Henrique Trigueiro Silva, Francynara Pontes Rocha,
Givanilso Cândido Leal, Helanny Márcia Ribeiro Trajano, Joseane Lustosa Machado,
Laércio de Sousa Saraiva, Maria do Amparo de Moura Macêdo, Osiel César da
Trindade Júnior, José de Ribamar de Sousa Rocha, Nayara Dannielle Costa de
Sousa and Tamyres Lopes Rios
9. Pythium spp. on Vegetable Crops: Research Progress and Major Challenges 136
Pratibha Sharma, Prashant P. Jambhulkar, Raja, M. and Shaily Javeria
10. Host Plants and Specificity of the Genus Pythium 162
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam and Amal-Asran
Part II: Identity and Taxonomy
11. Taxonomic Challenges in the Genus Pythium 179
Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa and Fatemeh Salmaninezhad
vi Pythium: Diagnosis, Diseases and Management
12. Diagnosis of Pythium by Classical and Molecular Approaches 200
Shivannegowda Mahadevakumar and Kandikere Ramaiah Sridhar
Part III: As a Human Pathogen
13. Pythium insidiosum – An Emerging Mammalian Pathogen 227
Erico S. Loreto, Juliana S.M. Tondolo and Janio M. Santurio
Part IV: Management of Diseases Caused by Pythium
14. Damping-off Caused by Pythium Species: Disease Profile and Management 257
Mohammad Imad Khrieba
15. The Genus Pythium: Genomics and Breeding for Resistance 270
Ramadan A. Arafa, Said M. Kamel and Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
16. Role of Phytochemicals in Plant Diseases Caused by Pythium 287
Rajendra M. Gade, Mahendra Rai, Ranjit S. Lad and Amol V. Shitole
17. Pythium aphanidermatum and Its Control Measures 299
Tahira Parveen, Mukesh Meena, Tripta Jain, Kavita Rathore, Surbhi Mehta and
Kanika Sharma
18. Management of Pythium Diseases 314
Rehana Naz Syed, Abdul Mubeen Lodhi and Saleem Shahzad
19. Management of Pythium spp. by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 344
Sarika R. Bhalerao, Pratiksha R. Gund, Sunita D. Bansod and Mahendra Rai
20. Pythium Species as Biocontrol Agents 360
Mousa Alghuthaymi, Khaled Kasem, Omar Atik and Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
Index 379
About the Editors 381
Color Section 383

CHAPTER
1
The Genus Pythium: An Overview
Mahendra Rai1*, Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam2, Avinash P. Ingle3, Priti Paralikar1 and Pramod Ingle1
1 Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University,
Amravati - 444602, Maharashtra, India
2 Unit of Excellence in Nano-Molecular Plant Pathology, Plant Pathology Research Institute,
9 Gamaa St., 12619 Giza, Egypt
3 Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo,
Estrada municipal do Campinho, sn, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
Introduction
Pythium is a soil-borne pathogen which contains more than 300 species and the majority of them are
plant pathogenic. Pythium is classified into 10 different clades based on morphological and genetic
characteristics (Rossman et al. 2017). It is commonly found in soil, sand, various water sources and
dead and decaying part of plants. It is ubiquitously distributed across the globe including America,
Asia, Africa and Australia. The old taxonomic criteria proposed was confusing and there were some
difficulties in the validation of various Pythium species. Pringsheim discovered the genus Pythium
for the first time in 1858, and placed it in the family Saprolegniaceae (Pringsheim 1858). Thereafter,
a number of attempts were made to propose different taxonomic systems for the classification
of Pythium but all such systems were rejected time to time by various taxonomists (Ho 2018).
According to current taxonomic system, Pythium is placed in family Pythiaceae, order Pythiales,
class Oomycetes, phylum Oomycota, and kingdom Chromista (Kirk et al. 2008).
As discussed earlier, Pythium spp. are mainly pathogenic to a wide variety of crop plant
families and is a major problem in greenhouses and nurseries. Root rot and damping-off are the most
important diseases caused by Pythium (Rai et al. 2018). It is reported that Pythium can infect some
important stages of plant’s growth which mainly include infection to the seed before germination or
during germination. It may attack the young seedlings before or just after emergence. The causative
agents generally feed on the root system causing damping-off, which ultimately results in poor
germination and spindly plants (McKellar and Nelson 2003). The infection also leads to shortened
or distorted leaves, fewer tillers and smaller heads; collectively, it leads to a great loss in crop yield
and economic loss (http://www.syngenta-us.com/prodrender/imagehandler.ashx?ImID=37907769
8aca-45f1-9ed2-71ad09069464&fTy=0&et=8).
In addition, it is proposed that, among different species of Pythium, P. insidiosum is the most
prevalent etiologic agent responsible for pythiosis in mammals (Krajaejun et al. 2018). However,
among mammals, pythiosis is commonly reported in dogs, horses and humans. Apart from these,
sometimes it is also observed in other animals, such as calves (Perez et al. 2005), cats (Rakich et al.
2005), sheep (Santurio et al. 2008), a bird (Pesavento et al. 2008), etc. It is also responsible for rare,
non-transmissible disease generally found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions (Mendoza
*Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]