Psychology in Action, 10th Edition

790 Pages·2011·137.062 MB·English

by  Karen Huffman

Karen Huffman’s Mailbag
What are Professors and Students saying about Psychology in Action?
“
While I have been pleased with each new edition of Psychology in Action, the
changes in the 10th edition promise to truly increase student learning and improve
teaching! I am most impressed with the Step-by-Step diagrams in each chapter.
These new visual and text learning tools present complex information in a logical
order enabling deeper understanding. Additionally, the new formatting is easier to
”
read and visually appealing. Thanks, Karen Huffman!
—KATIE TOWNSEND-MERINO, Associate Professor of Psychology
Palomar College

“
Job well done! Wonderful reading! I feel the need to thank Karen Huffman as
I feel I have expanded my narrow scope on the science of psychology after reading
”
your book. Bravo!
—DAVID MILFORD, Student
Columbus State Community College
“
Love the 10th edition! The new retrieval practice works to perfection. Very
detailed info that needs to be memorized is easier to do so after reading the
”
information over two times and writing about it when fi nished.
—TYLER MUTTER, Student
University of Redlands
“
This is one of the best books that I’ve ever read because it feels like it relates to
me. I love the way the book gives you study tips on the side of the pages. This is also
one of the most beautiful and well written books because it has great pictures and
”
great diagrams.
—BEVERLEE APPLEBY, Student
Trident Technical College
“
The book is very knowledgeable but it is fun. The author, Karen Huffman,
”
makes learning fun and exciting in her psychology textbook.
—CHANCEL CAESAR NUQUE, Student
Trident Technical College
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ChapterFour
Sensation and Perception
ChapterOutline
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Psychology
inAction
TENTH EDITION
Karen Huffman
Palomar College
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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978-1118-01908-5 (Main Book)
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BRIEF CONTENTS | BRIEF CONTENTS | BRIEF CONTENTS | BRIEF CONTENTS | B
BriefContents
Preface xiii
Prologue xxxiii
Introduction to Psychology and Its Research
Chapter 1
Methods 3
Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Biological Foundations 51
Chapter 3 Stress and Health Psychology 93
Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception 125
Chapter 5 States of Consciousness 167
Chapter 6 Learning 205
Chapter 7 Memory 247
Chapter 8 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 283
Chapter 9 Life Span Development I 323
Chapter 10 Life Span Development II 359
Chapter 11 Gender and Human Sexuality 387
Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion 421
Chapter 13 Personality 457
Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders 491
Chapter 15 Therapy 531
Chapter 16 Social Psychology 567
Available Separately Upon Request:
Chapter 17 Industrial/Organizational Psychology 607
Chapter 18 Psychology at Work in the Global Economy 637
Appendix A Statistics and Psychology A-1
Appendix B Answers to Review Questions and Other Activities B-1
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Photo Credits P-1
Text and Illustration Credits T-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1
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CONTENTS | CONTENTS | CONTENTS | CONTENTS | CONTENTS | CONTENTS | CO
Contents
Preface xiii Gender and Cultural Diversity Psychology
from a Global Perspective 38
Engaging and Inspiring Today’s Students! xiii
Tools for Student Success 39
What’s New in the Tenth Edition? xiv
Continuing Features xix
Supplements xxv
ChapterTwo
Acknowledgments xxviii
Neuroscience and Biological
Prologue xxxiii
Foundations 51
Student Engagement Through Critical
Thinking xxxiii Neural Bases of Behavior 52
What Is a Neuron? 52
How Do Neurons Communicate? 53
ChapterOne
How Do Neurotransmitters Affect Us? 56
Introduction to Psychology and Its
Nervous System Organization 58
Research Methods 3
Central Nervous System (CNS) 58
Introducing Psychology 4 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 62
Endocrine System 64
What Is Psychology? 4
A Tour through the Brain 66
Psychology’s Goals 6
Lower-Level Brain Structures 66
Psychology at Work Careers in the Field 7
Cerebral Cortex 70
Origins of Psychology 10
Case Study/Personal Story Phineas
Psychology’s Past 10
Gage 72
Modern Psychology 11
Science of Psychology 16 Two Brains in One? 75
Our Genetic Inheritance 78
Scientific Method 17
Behavioral Genetics 79
Ethical Guidelines 19
Research Methods 21 Psychology at Work Overcoming Genetic
Misconceptions 82
Experimental Research 21
Descriptive Research 27 Evolutionary Psychology 83
Correlational Research 29 Psychology Engages 83
Biological Research 31 ■ Critical Thinking Biology and
Psychology Engages 35 Critical Thinking 83
■ Research Challenge A Crash Course in ■ Research Challenge Video Games and Spatial
Multitasking 35 Skills 84
■ Critical Thinking Applying Critical Thinking to Gender and Cultural Diversity Evolution of Sexual
Psychological Science 37 Selection and Gender Differences 85
vi
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Contents vii
■ Research Challenge Is There Scientific Evidence
ChapterThree
for ESP? 157
Stress and Health Psychology 93
■ Critical Thinking Why Do So Many People Believe
Understanding Stress 94 in ESP? 158
Gender and Cultural Diversity Are the Gestalt
Sources of Stress 94
Laws Universally True? 159
Effects of Stress 99
Psychology at Work Is My Job Too Stressful? 104
ChapterFive
Stress and Illness 105
States of Consciousness 167
Cancer 106
Cardiovascular Disorders 106 Understanding Consciousness 168
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 109
Levels of Awareness 168
■ Research Challenge Does Stress Cause Gastric Sleep and Dreams 170
Ulcers? 110
Circadian Rhythms 171
Health Psychology and Stress
Management 111 Psychology at Work Dangers of Sleeping
on the Job! 171
Psychology at Work Would You Like to Be a Health
Psychologist? 111 Stages of Sleep 173
Why Do We Sleep and Dream? 178
Cognitive Appraisal and Coping 112
Sleep Disorders 180
Resources for Healthy Living 113
Psychoactive Drugs 183
Psychology Engages 116
Understanding Psychoactive Drugs 183
Psychology at Work Coping with Technostress 116
Psychology at Work Addictive Drugs as the Brain’s
■ Critical Thinking Perils of Procrastination 118 “Evil Tutor” 186
Gender and Cultural Diversity “Karoshi”—Can Job
Categorizing Psychoactive Drugs 187
Stress Be Fatal? 118
Psychology at Work Club Drug Alert! 191
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness 193
ChapterFour
Getting “High” on Meditation 193
Sensation and Perception 125
The Mystery of Hypnosis 193
Understanding Sensation 126 Psychology Engages 196
Processing 126 Gender and Cultural Diversity Dream Variations
and Similarities 196
Measuring the Senses 128
■ Critical Thinking Interpreting Your Dreams 197
Psychology at Work Do Subliminal Messages
■ Research Challenge Nicotine Addiction 198
Improve Sales? 128
Sensory Adaptation 131
How We See and Hear 132 ChapterSix
Vision 133 Learning 205
Hearing 138
Classical Conditioning 206
Other Important Senses 141
Pavlov and Watson’s Contributions 206
Smell and Taste 141
Basic Principles 210
Body Senses 144
Operant Conditioning 215
Understanding Perception 146
Thorndike and Skinner’s Contributions 216
Selection 146
Reinforcement 216
Organization 149
Punishment 221
Interpretation 155
Psychology Engages 156 Psychology at Work Why Can’t We Get Anything
Done Around Here? 223
Case Study/Personal Story Helen Keller’s Triumph
and Advice 156 Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning 224
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viii Contents
Cognitive-Social Learning 227 Creativity 291
Language 293
Insight and Latent Learning 227
Observational Learning 228 Characteristics of Language 293
Biology of Learning 230 Language and Thought 293
Neuroscience and Learning 230 Language Development 294
■ Research Challenge Mirror Neurons—“I Share Animals and Language 298
Your Pain!” 231 Intelligence 300
Evolution and Learning 232 What Is Intelligence? 300
Psychology Engages 233 Psychology at Work Multiple Intelligences and Your
Applying Classical Conditioning 233 Career 302
Applying Operant Conditioning 236
How Do We Measure Intelligence? 302
Applying Cognitive-Social Learning 238 Intelligence Controversy 306
■ Critical Thinking Using Learning Principles to
Extremes in Intelligence 306
Succeed in College 238
Explaining Differences in IQ 307
Gender and Cultural Diversity Avatar: A Modern
Are IQ Tests Culturally Biased? 310
Fable 239
Psychology Engages 313
■ Research Challenge IQ and Genius: Are They the
ChapterSeven
Secret to Success? 313
Memory 247 ■ Critical Thinking Solving Problems in College
Life 314
Nature of Memory 248
Gender and Cultural Diversity Unspoken Accents—
Memory Models 249 Nonverbal Language Reveals Your Roots 315
Sensory Memory 252
Short-Term Memory (STM) 252
Long-Term Memory (LTM) 254
ChapterNine
Improving Long-Term Memory (LTM) 256
Life Span Development I 323
Forgetting 260
Why Do We Forget? 260 Studying Development 325
■ Research Challenge How Quickly We Forget 260 Theoretical Issues 325
Key Factors in Forgetting 263 Research Methods 326
Memory and the Criminal Justice System 264 Physical Development 328
Biological Bases of Memory 267
Prenatal Period and Early Childhood 328
How Are Memories Formed? 267 Adolescence and Adulthood 334
Where Are Memories Located? 268 Cognitive Development 338
Biological Causes of Memory Loss 269 Piaget’s Theory 339
Psychology Engages 271
Stages of Cognitive Development 339
Overall Memory Improvement 271 Assessing Piaget’s Theory 343
Gender and Cultural Diversity Cultural Differences Social-Emotional Development 345
in Memory and Forgetting 275
Attachment 346
■ Critical Thinking Memory and Metacognition 276
Psychology at Work Romantic Love and
Attachment 348
ChapterEight
Parenting Styles 349
Thinking, Language, and Psychology Engages 350
Intelligence 283 ■ Research Challenge Scientific Research with
Infants 350
Thinking 284
■ Critical Thinking Overcoming Egocentric
Cognitive Building Blocks 284 Thinking 351
Problem Solving 286 Gender and Cultural Diversity Cultural
Psychology at Work Heuristics and Your Career 286 Psychology’s Research Guidelines 352
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