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Programming C# 4.0
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SIXTH EDITION
Programming C# 4.0
Ian Griffiths, Matthew Adams, and Jesse Liberty
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
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Programming C# 4.0, Sixth Edition
by Ian Griffiths, Matthew Adams, and Jesse Liberty
Copyright © 2010 Ian Griffiths and Matthew Adams. All rights reserved.
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Printing History:
July 2001: First Edition.
February 2002: Second Edition.
May 2003: Third Edition.
February 2005: Fourth Edition.
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August 2010: Sixth Edition.
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ISBN: 978-0-596-15983-2
[M]
1280338225
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Table of Contents
Preface ..................................................................... xv
1. Introducing C# .......................................................... 1
Why C#? Why .NET? 1
The .NET Framework Class Library 2
Language Style 3
Composability 4
Managed Code 5
Continuity and the Windows Ecosystem 6
C# 4.0, .NET 4, and Visual Studio 2010 7
Summary 9
2. Basic Programming Techniques .......................................... 11
Getting Started 11
Namespaces and Types 14
Projects and Solutions 19
Comments, Regions, and Readability 24
Bad Comments 26
XML Documentation Comments 26
Variables 28
Variable Types 28
Expressions and Statements 35
Assignment Statements 38
Increment and Decrement Operators 38
Flow Control with Selection Statements 39
if Statements 40
switch and case Statements 45
Iteration Statements 47
foreach Statements 48
for Statements 50
while and do Statements 52
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Breaking Out of a Loop 53
Methods 55
Summary 58
3. Abstracting Ideas with Classes and Structs ................................. 59
Divide and Conquer 59
Abstracting Ideas with Methods 59
Abstracting Ideas with Objects and Classes 62
Defining Classes 64
Representing State with Properties 64
Protection Levels 66
Initializing with a Constructor 68
Fields: A Place to Put Data 72
Fields Can Be Fickle, but const Is Forever 75
Read-only Fields and Properties 76
Related Constants with enum 79
Value Types and Reference Types 82
Too Many Constructors, Mr. Mozart 88
Overloading 88
Overloaded Methods and Default Named Parameters 89
Object Initializers 92
Defining Methods 95
Declaring Static Methods 98
Static Fields and Properties 99
Static Constructors 101
Summary 102
4. Extensibility and Polymorphism ......................................... 103
Association Through Composition and Aggregation 104
Inheritance and Polymorphism 106
Replacing Methods in Derived Classes 109
Hiding Base Members with new 109
Replacing Methods with virtual and override 112
Inheritance and Protection 114
Calling Base Class Methods 116
Thus Far and No Farther: sealed 118
Requiring Overrides with abstract 121
All Types Are Derived from Object 127
Boxing and Unboxing Value Types 127
C# Does Not Support Multiple Inheritance of Implementation 132
C# Supports Multiple Inheritance of Interface 132
Deriving Interfaces from Other Interfaces 135
Explicit Interface Implementation 136
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The Last Resort: Checking Types at Runtime 141
Summary 142
5. Composability and Extensibility with Delegates ............................ 143
Functional Composition with delegate 150
Generic Actions with Action<T> 156
Generic Predicates with Predicate<T> 160
Using Anonymous Methods 162
Creating Delegates with Lambda Expressions 163
Delegates in Properties 165
Generic Delegates for Functions 167
Notifying Clients with Events 171
Exposing Large Numbers of Events 180
Summary 183
6. Dealing with Errors .................................................... 185
When and How to Fail 191
Returning Error Values 194
Debugging with Return Values 200
Exceptions 201
Handling Exceptions 207
When Do finally Blocks Run? 214
Deciding What to Catch 215
Custom Exceptions 218
Summary 220
7. Arrays and Lists ....................................................... 221
Arrays 221
Construction and Initialization 222
Custom Types in Arrays 225
Array Members 230
Array Size 236
List<T> 243
Custom Indexers 247
Finding and Sorting 253
Collections and Polymorphism 254
Creating Your Own IEnumerable<T> 258
Summary 264
8. LINQ ................................................................ 265
Query Expressions 265
Query Expressions Versus Method Calls 267
Extension Methods and LINQ 268
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let Clauses 271
LINQ Concepts and Techniques 271
Delegates and Lambdas 271
Functional Style and Composition 273
Deferred Execution 274
LINQ Operators 275
Filtering 275
Ordering 276
Concatenation 279
Grouping 280
Projections 282
Zipping 288
Getting Selective 289
Testing the Whole Collection 291
Aggregation 292
Set Operations 294
Joining 295
Conversions 296
Summary 297
9. Collection Classes ..................................................... 299
Dictionaries 299
Common Dictionary Uses 301
IDictionary<TKey, TValue> 308
Dictionaries and LINQ 309
HashSet and SortedSet 310
Queues 311
Linked Lists 312
Stacks 313
Summary 314
10. Strings .............................................................. 315
What Is a String? 316
The String and Char Types 317
Literal Strings and Chars 318
Escaping Special Characters 319
Formatting Data for Output 322
Standard Numeric Format Strings 323
Custom Numeric Format Strings 329
Dates and Times 332
Going the Other Way: Converting Strings to Other Types 336
Composite Formatting with String.Format 337
Culture Sensitivity 338
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