Professional Burnout: Recent Developments In Theory And Research

312 Pages·1996·16.018 MB·\312

by  W ilmar B. Schaufeli (Editor)

PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT
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PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT:
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
IN THEORY AND RESEARCH
Edited by
Wilmar B. Schaufeli
University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Christina Maslach
University of California, Berkeley, USA
Thdeusz Marek
Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT: Recent Developments In Theory and Research
Copyright © 1993 by Thylor & Francis. All rights reserved. Printed in the United Slates of
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Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publicatlon Data
Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research I
edited by Wilmar B. Schaufeli. Christina Maslach. Tadeusz Marek.
p. cm. - (Series in applied psychology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Burnout (Psychology) 2. Job stress. 3. Stress (Psychology)
I. Schaufeli, Wilmar, date. II. Maslach, Christina.
m.
Marek, Thdeusz. IV. Series: Series in applied psychology (New
York, N.Y.)
[DNLM: 1. Burnout, Professional-congresses. WM 172 P9635]
BF48I. P77 1993
158.7-dc20
DNLMIDLC
for Library of Congress 92-49131
ISBN 1-56032-683-2
ISSN 1048-8146
CONTENTS
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Historical and Conceptual Development of Burnout 1
Christina Maslach and Wilmar B. Schaufeli
Historical Development of the Burnout Concept 2
Conceptual Issues 8
Conclusion 16
I INTERPERSONAL APPROACHES
2 Burnout: A Multidimensional Perspective 19
Christina Maslach
A Multidimensional Model of Burnout 20
Multidimensional vs. Unidimensional Models of Burnout 26
Conceptual Implications of Research Directions 29
Social Relationships Revisited: A Return to Roots 31
Conclusion 32
3 Burnout: An Existential Perspective 33
Ayala M. Pines
The Existential Perspective !lnd Definitions of Burnout 35
Burnout and Other Concepts 38
An Existential Model of Burnout 41
v
vi CONTENTS
Coping with Burnout 46
Conclusion 51
4 Burnout: A Perspective from Social Comparison Theory 53
Bram P. Buunk and Wilmar B. Schau/eli
Social Comparison Theory, Stress, and Affiliation 54
Stressors in the Nursing Profession 56
Differential Correlates of the Burnout Dimensions 58
Social Comparison, Affiliation, and Isolation Under Stress 60
Upward Affiliation 62
Affective Consequences of Downward Comparison 64
Do Social Comparisons Matter? 65
Conclusion 66
II INDMDUAL APPROACHES
5 In Searcb of Tbeory: Some Ruminations on the Nature and
Etiology of Burnout 75
Matthias Burisch
Burnout as a Fuzzy Set 76
Research Traditions Relevant for Understanding Burnout 78
A Hierarchy of Theoretical Approaches to Burnout 83
An Action Model of Burnout 90
Conclusion 93
6 Burning Out: A Framework 95
Lennart Hallsten
Some Weaknesses of the State Conception of Burnout 96
An Outline of the Process of Burning Out 98
Key Contributing Factors to Burning Out 100
Burning Out and Related Processes 102
Comparisons with Related Concepts 111
Conclusion 112
7 Conservation of Resources: A General Stress Theory Applied to
Burnout 115
Stevan E. Hob/oil and John Freedy
Models of Burnout 116
Conservation of Resources Theory 117
COR Theory and Intervention 125
Conclusions 129
CONTENTS vii
III ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACHES
8 Role of Professional Self-Efficacy in the Etiology and Amelioration
of Burnout 135
Cary Cherniss
Burnout and Self-Efficacy: Lewin and Hall's Work 137
The Link Between Self-Efficacy and Burnout 138
Self-Efficacy and More Recent Views of Burnout 140
Domains of Professional Self-Efficacy 141
Enhancing Professional Self-Efficacy 143
9 Organizational Structure, Social Support, and Burnout 151
Jacques Winnubst
Organizational Culture, Climate, and Ethics 152
Social Support in Relation to Stress and Burnout 155
Organizational Stressors and Burnout 157
Social Support, Structure, and Culture 159
Treating Burnout by Social Support Interventions 160
10 Impact of Professional Burnout on Creativity
and Innovation 163
Czeslaw Noworol. Zbigniew Zarczynski. Magdalena FaJrowicz. and
Tadeusz Marek
Creativity and Innovation in Organizations 164
Current Research 170
Discussion and Conclusions 173
11 Burnout, Health, Work Stress, and Organizational
Healthiness 177
Tom Cox. George Kuk, and Michael P. Leiter
The Concept of Burnout 178
Burnout and Health 182
Well-Being and Burnout 184
Burnout and Stress 185
Stress, Burnout, and Organizational Healthiness 189
Conclusion 193
vIII CONTENTS
IV METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
12 Measurement of Burnout: A Review 199
Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Dirk Enzmann, and Noi!lle Girault
Alternative Measures of Burnout 200
Burnout Measures with Limited Application 202
The Burnout Measure (BM) 205
The Maslach Burnout Inventory 207
Conclusions and Recommendations 211
Directions for Future Research 212
13 Burnout in Cross-National Settings: Generic and Model-Specific
Perspectives 217
Robert T. Golembiewski, Katherine Scherb, and Robert A. Boudreau
Emerging Empirical Research 218
Some Generic Evidence 227
Some Model-Specific Evidence 229
Discussion 234
14 Burnout as a Developmental Process: Consideration
of Models 237
Michael P. Leiter
Burnout as a Unitary Versus a Three-Component Construct 238
Burnout as a Developmental Process 244
Conclusions and Recommendations 249
V OUTLOOK
15 The Future of Burnout 253
Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Christina Maslach, and Tadeusz Marek
What Do We Have? 254
What Do We Need? 256
Conclusion 259
References 261
Index 293
CONTRIBUmRS
ROBERT A. BOUDREAU, Faculty of Management, University of Lethbridge,
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada TlK 3N4.
MAlTHIAS BURISCH, Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg,
von Melle Park 5, 2000 Hamburg 13, Germany.
BRAM P. BUUNK, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen,
Grote Kruistraat 112, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
CARY CHERNISS, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology,
Rutgers University, P.O. Box 819, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08855, USA.
roM COX, Centre for Organizational Health and Development, Department
of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom.
DIRK ENZMANN, Department of Psychology, Technical University,
Dovestrasse 1-5, 1000 Berlin 10, Germany.
MAGDALENA FAFROWICZ, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University,
Golebia 13, 31-007 Krak6w, Poland.
ROBERT T. GOLEMBIEWSKI, Department of Political Science, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
JOHN FREEDY, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue,
Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
NOElLE GIRAULT, Department l'f Psychology, Rene Descartes University,
28 Rue Serpente, 75006 Paris, France.
LENNART HALLSTEN, National Institute of Occupational Health, Division of
Psychophysiology, Ekelundsvagen 16, 171 84 Solna, Sweden.
Ix