Production of Organic Acids from Agro-Industrial Residues

462 Pages·2009·4.04 MB·English

Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial Residues
Utilisation
·
Poonam Singh nee’ Nigam Ashok Pandey
Editors
Biotechnology
for Agro-Industrial
Residues Utilisation
Utilisation of Agro-Residues
123
Editors
PoonamSinghnee’Nigam AshokPandey
UniversityofUlster NationalInstitutefor
FacultyofLife&Health Interdisciplinary
Sciences Science&Technology
Coleraine CSIR,IndustrialEstatePO
NorthernIreland Trivandrum-695019
UnitedKingdomBT521SA India
[email protected] [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4020-9941-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9942-7
DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-9942-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009920465
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
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DEDICATEDBYPOONAMTOherdearestmotherROOPANIGAM
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MAHESHCHANDRANIGAM,wholefttooearly.
Preface
Industries from two large sectors, i.e. agriculture and food for most of its history
have been environmentally benign. Industrial activity has always resulted in some
kind of pollution, be it solid waste, wastewater or gaseous pollution. Even when
technology began to have an impact, reliance on natural and ecological processes
remained crucial. Crop residues were incorporated into the soil or fed to livestock
andthemanurereturnedtothelandinamountsthatcouldbeabsorbedandutilized.
Sincefarmshavebecomehighlymechanizedandreliantonsyntheticfertilizersand
pesticides, the crop residues, which were once recycled, are now largely wastes
whosedisposalpresentsacontinuingproblemforthefarmer.
Theagro-industrialresiduesconsistofmanyandvariedwastesfromagriculture
andfoodindustry,whichintotalaccountforover250milliontonnesofwasteper
year in the UK alone. The prospects and application of biotechnical principles fa-
cilitatestheseproblemstobeseeninanewapproach,asresources,whichinmany
cases have tremendous potential. As a result an extensive range of valuable and
usableproductscanberecoveredfromwhatwaspreviouslyconsideredwaste.This
encompasses a huge area of microbial-biotechnology with many possibilities that
have been researched; and such findings have shown the massive potential when
theyarepracticallyandeconomicallyapplied.
Althoughseveralagriculturalresiduescanbedisposedofsafely(duetobiodegrad-
able nature) in the environment, the vast quantities in which they are generated as
aresultofdiverseagriculturalandindustrialpractices,necessitatestherequirement
tolookforsomeavenueswherethesecouldbeutilizedforsomeapplication.Since
thesearerichinorganicnature,theyrepresentoneofthemostenergy-richresources
on the planet. Accumulation of this kind of biomass in large quantities every year
results not only in the deterioration of the environment, but also in the loss of po-
tentially valuable material which can be processed to yield a number of valuable
addedproducts,suchasfood,fuel,feedandavarietyofchemicals.Theseresidues
include renewable lignocellulosic materials such as the stalks, stems, straws, hulls
and cobs which all vary slightly in composition. Cellulose and hemicellulose, the
major constituents of these materials, can be referred to as valuable resources for
a number of reasons, largely due to the fact that they can be bio-converted for the
productionofseveralvaluableproducts.
vii
viii Preface
Thus, today, for better or for worse, we live in a society with a throw away at-
titude which often chooses in many cases to ignore the potential that is all around
it. Particularly in the case of agriculture, there can be considerable damage to the
environmentwhichisalreadybeingcontinuallyputunderincreasingstressbywaste
disposal. Furthermore it is often quite expensive to dispose of these wastes this is
nottomentiontheeconomiclossofnotexploitingthemproperlyinthefirstplace.
Biotechnology can offer many viable alternatives to the disposal of agricultural
wastewiththeproductionofmanymuchneededproductssuchasfuels,feeds,and
pharmaceuticalproducts.
Therefore,thisbookhasbeenpresentedwiththeup-to-dateinformationavailable
onabiotechnologyapproachfortheutilisationofagro-industrialresidues.Thebook
containstwentyfourchaptersbytheexpertsworkinginthefieldofBiotechnology
forAgro-IndustrialResiduesProcessing.Eachofthechaptersincludesinformation
onmaterialsandsuitabletechnologyfortheirutilizationandbioconversionmethods
toobtainproductsofeconomicimportance.Thechaptershavebeencategorisedin
appropriatesections:(1)General;(2)Productionofindustrialproductsusingagro-
industrial residues as substrates; (3) Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial
residuesforbioprocesses;(4)Enzymesdegradingagro-industrialresiduesandtheir
production;and(5)Bioconversionofagro-industrialresidues.
Itishopedthatthebookwillprovideausefulinformationresourceforacademics,
researchers,andindustries.
NorthernIreland,UK PoonamSinghnee’Nigam
Trivandrum,Kerala,India AshokPandey
Acknowledgements
Editorssincerelythankallcontributingauthorsofthechaptersincludedinthisbook
fortheircooperationinsubmittingandrevisingtheirmanuscriptsonduedatesasper
guidelinesofthepublisherSpringer.Thanksfortheapprovalofourbook-proposal
on this particular topic are due to Peter Butler, publishing director; Dugald Mac-
Glashan,seniorpublishingeditor;andSaraHuisman,publishingassistant,Springer
Science & Business Media B.V. Efforts of Max Haring and Agnieszka Brodawka,
are acknowledged for realising the production of this book. Finally, the support
extendedbyourfamiliescouldmakethisprojectpossible.
NorthernIreland,UK PoonamSinghnee’Nigam
Trivandrum,Kerala,India AshokPandey
ix
Contents
PartI General
1 Agro-IndustrialResidueUtilizationforIndustrialBiotechnology
Products ...................................................... 3
ErickJ.Vandamme
2 Pre-treatmentofAgro-IndustrialResidues ........................ 13
PoonamSinghnee’Nigam,NutanGuptaandAshishAnthwal
PartII ProductionofIndustrialProductsUsingAgro-IndustrialResidues
asSubstrates
3 ProductionofOrganicAcidsfromAgro-IndustrialResidues ........ 37
PoonamSinghnee’Nigam
4 Biofuels ....................................................... 61
SohamChattopadhyay,AsmitaMukerjiandRamkrishnaSen
5 Production of Protein-Enriched Feed Using Agro-Industrial
ResiduesasSubstrates.......................................... 77
J.ObetaUgwuanyi,BrianMcNeilandLindaM.Harvey
6 AromaCompounds.............................................105
SyedG.Dastager
7 ProductionofBioactiveSecondaryMetabolites ....................129
PoonamSinghnee’Nigam
8 MicrobialPigments.............................................147
SumathyBabitha
xi
xii Contents
9 Production of Mushrooms Using Agro-Industrial Residues as
Substrates.....................................................163
AntoniosN.Philippoussis
10 Solid-StateFermentationTechnologyforBioconversionofBiomass
andAgriculturalResidues.......................................197
PoonamSinghnee’NigamandAshokPandey
Part III Biotechnological Potential of Agro-Industrial Residues for
Bioprocesses
11 BiotechnologicalPotentialsofCassavaBagasse ....................225
RojanP.John
12 SugarcaneBagasse .............................................239
BinodParameswaran
13 EdibleOilCakes ...............................................253
SwethaSivaramakrishnanandDhanyaGangadharan
14 BiotechnologicalPotentialofFruitProcessingIndustryResidues ....273
Diomi Mamma, Evangelos Topakas, Christina Vafiadi and Paul
Christakopoulos
15 WineIndustryResidues.........................................293
BoJinandJoanM.Kelly
16 BiotechnologicalPotentialofBrewingIndustryBy-Products ........313
SolangeI.Mussatto
17 BiotechnologicalPotentialofCereal(WheatandRice)Strawand
BranResidues .................................................327
HongzhangChen,YeYangandJianxingZhang
18 PalmOilIndustryResidues .....................................341
MynepalliK.C.SridharandOlugbengaO.AdeOluwa
PartIV EnzymesDegradingAgro-IndustrialResiduesandTheirProduction
19 AmylolyticEnzymes............................................359
DhanyaGangadharanandSwethaSivaramakrishnan