Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems

760 Pages·2013·19.547 MB·English

by  Frank Kreith

EnginEEring k
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Completely revised and updated, Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Second Edition PrinciPles
h
of
presents broad-based coverage of sustainable energy sources and systems. The book
is designed as a text for undergraduate seniors and first-year graduate students. It
focuses on renewable energy technologies, but also treats current trends such as the P
expanding use of natural gas from fracking and development of nuclear power. It covers the
r
economics of sustainable energy, both from a traditional monetary as well as from an
sustainable
i
energy return on energy invested (EROI) perspective.
n
The book provides complete and up-to-date coverage of all renewable technologies, including
solar and wind power, and biological processes such as anaerobic digestion and geothermal e c
energy. The new edition also examines social issues such as food, water, population, global
warming, and public policies of engineering concern. It discusses energy transition—the n i energy
P
process by which renewable energy forms can effectively be introduced into existing energy
e l
systems to replace fossil fuels.
e
r
See What’s New in the Second Edition: s
g
• Extended treatment of the energy and social issues related to sustainable energy systems
• Analytic models of all energy systems in the current and future economy o
y
• Thoroughly updated chapters on biomass, wind, transportation, and all types of
f
solar power
s
• Treatment of EROI as a tool for understanding the sustainability of different of
s
S e c o n d E d i t i o n
resource conversion and efficiency projects y
u
• Introduction of the System Advisor Model (SAM) software program, available
s
from the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), with examples and homework
s
problems t
• Coverage of current issues in transition engineering, providing analytic tools that e t
can reduce the risk of unsustainable fossil resource use a
m
• Updates to all chapters on renewable energy technology engineering, in particular,
i F r a n k k r e i t h
the chapters dealing with transportation, passive design, energy storage, ocean
n
energy, and bioconversion s
a
Edited by Frank Kreith and Susan Krumdieck, this second edition of a successful textbook
takes a balanced approach that looks not only at sustainable energy sources, but also provides
b
examples of energy storage, industrial process heat, and modern transportation. The authors
take an analytical systems approach to energy engineering, rather than the more general l
e
and descriptive approach usually found in textbooks on this topic.

Second
Edition
K15449
ISBN-13: 978-1-4665-5696-6
90000
9 781466 556966
K15449_Cover_mech.indd All Pages 7/16/13 10:40 AM
PrinciPles
of
sustainable
energy
systems
S e c o n d E d i t i o n
MECHANICAL and AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Frank Kreith & Darrell W. Pepper
Series Editors
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PrinciPles
of
sustainable
energy
systems
S e c o n d E d i t i o n
F r a n k k r e i t h,
Editor
University of Colorado (retired)
S uS a n k r u m d i e c k,
Co-Editor
University of Canterbury
Boca Raton London New York
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Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Version Date: 20130711
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We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but to
all posterity. We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do
so would betray our children and future generations. Some may still deny the overwhelming
judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires, and crippling
drought, and more powerful storms. The path towards sustainable energy sources will be
long and sometimes difficult. But America cannot resist this transition; we must lead it.
President Barack Obama
Second inaugural address, 2013.
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................xix
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................xxiii
Contributors ................................................................................................................................xxv
1. Introduction to Sustainable Energy ....................................................................................1
1.1 Sustainability Principles ..............................................................................................1
1.1.1 Energy Crisis: Security Issues ........................................................................2
1.1.2 Sustainable Development ...............................................................................4
1.1.3 Sustainability Principles in Practice ..............................................................4
1.1.4 Challenges for Sustainability Engineering ..................................................6
1.2 Carrying Capacity and Exponential Growth ............................................................6
1.2.1 Population Issue ...............................................................................................6
1.2.2 Water Issue ........................................................................................................8
1.2.3 Food Supply Issues ........................................................................................13
1.2.4 Energy Issue ...................................................................................................14
1.2.5 Exponential Growth Issue ............................................................................16
1.3 Context for Sustainable Energy.................................................................................19
1.3.1 Historical Energy Development in the United States ...............................19
1.3.2 Current Energy Use .......................................................................................20
1.3.3 Future Energy Scenarios for the United States ..........................................21
1.4 Key Sustainability Considerations ...........................................................................24
1.4.1 Energy Economic Efficiency .........................................................................24
1.4.2 Energy Return on Energy Invested .............................................................25
1.4.3 Cost of Energy Production ...........................................................................28
1.4.4 Cost of Time and Uncertainty ......................................................................29
1.4.5 Other Costs of Energy Development ..........................................................31
1.5 Energy Efficiency and Conservation ........................................................................33
1.5.1 Energy End-Use Demand Reduction in Buildings ...................................33
1.5.2 Energy End-Use Demand Reduction in Transportation ..........................37
1.5.3 Energy Management in Industry and Manufacturing ............................38
1.6 Energy from Fossil Fuels............................................................................................38
1.6.1 Emissions from Fossil Fuels .........................................................................39
1.6.2 Natural Gas .....................................................................................................42
1.6.3 Petroleum ........................................................................................................44
1.6.4 Coal ..................................................................................................................45
1.6.5 Carbon Capture and Sequestration .............................................................46
1.6.6 Industrial Waste Heat ....................................................................................48
1.7 Nuclear Energy ............................................................................................................49
1.7.1 Nuclear Power Conversion Technology .....................................................51
1.7.2 Nuclear Disasters ...........................................................................................53
1.7.3 Uranium Resources .......................................................................................54
© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix