Table Of ContentWASTEWATER ENGINEERING
Principles of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment Principles of
covers the basic principles of membrane bioreactor (MBR)
technology, including biological treatment, membrane fltra- Membrane
tion, and MBR applications. The book discusses concrete
principles, appropriate design, and operational aspects.
Bioreactors for
It covers a wide variety of MBR topics, including fltration
theory, membrane materials and geometry, fouling phenomena
Wastewater
and properties, and strategies for minimizing fouling. Also
covered are the practical aspects such as operation and
Treatment
maintenance.
Case studies and examples in the book help readers under-
stand the basic concepts and principles clearly, while problems
presented help advance relevant theories more deeply. Treated wastewater
Influent wastewater
Readers will fnd this book a helpful resource to understand
Suction pump
the state of the art in MBR technology.
MF or UF
Bioreactor
Waste activated sludge
Hee-Deung Park
In-Soung Chang
Kwang-Jin Lee
K20461
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Principles of Membrane Bioreactors
Park • Chang • Lee
for Wastewater Treatment
Principles of
Membrane
Bioreactors for
Wastewater
Treatment
Principles of
Membrane
Bioreactors for
Wastewater
Treatment
Hee-Deung Park
In-Soung Chang
Kwang-Jin Lee
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20150318
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................... xiii
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction of MBR ........................................................................2
1.1.1 Principle of MBR ..................................................................2
1.1.2 Brief History of MBR Technology ........................................2
1.1.3 Comparison of CAS and MBR Processes .............................5
1.1.4 Operational Condition and Performance of MBR ................7
1.2 Direction in Research and Development (R&D) of MBR .................9
1.2.1 Membranes and Modules .....................................................9
1.2.2 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) .................................10
1.2.3 Prospect for Future R&D in MBR .....................................13
References ..................................................................................................14
2 Biological Wastewater Treatment .........................................................15
2.1 Microorganisms in Bioreactor..........................................................16
2.1.1 Types of Microorganisms ....................................................17
2.1.1.1 Bacteria ...............................................................19
2.1.1.2 Archaea ...............................................................20
2.1.1.3 Viruses ................................................................21
2.1.1.4 Fungi ..................................................................21
2.1.1.5 Algae ..................................................................22
2.1.1.6 Protozoa .............................................................22
2.1.1.7 Other Types of Eukaryotic Microorganisms .......22
2.1.2 Quantifcation of Microorganisms......................................22
2.1.3 Metabolisms of Microorganisms .........................................23
2.1.4 Energy Generation in Microorganisms ...............................25
2.2 Microbial Stoichiometry in Bioreactor .............................................28
2.2.1 Balanced Microbial Stoichiometric Equations ....................29
2.2.2 Teoretical Oxygen Demand for Aerobic
Bacterial Growth ................................................................33
v
vi ◾ Contents
2.3 Microbial Kinetics ...........................................................................35
2.3.1 Microbial Growth Rate ......................................................35
2.3.2 Substrate Utilization Rate ...................................................37
2.3.3 Total VSS Production Rate .................................................38
2.3.4 Efect of Temperature on Microbial Kinetics ......................39
2.4 Mass Balances ................................................................................ 40
2.4.1 Mass Balance for Biomass (X) ........................................... 42
2.4.2 Mass Balance for Substrate (S) ............................................43
2.4.3 Mass Balance for Inert Material (Xi ) ................................. 44
2.4.4 Efect of SRT on Substrate, Biomass, and Inert Material ...... 46
2.4.5 Efect of Temperature on Substrate, Biomass, and
Inert Material .....................................................................48
2.4.6 Determination of Kinetic Coefcients ................................50
2.5 Biological Nitrogen Removal ...........................................................51
2.5.1 Nitrifcation ........................................................................52
2.5.2 Denitrifcation ....................................................................54
2.5.3 Nitrogen Removal Performance ..........................................58
2.6 Biological Phosphorus Removal .......................................................61
2.6.1 Phosphorus Removal by Conventional Biological
Activated Sludge Process .....................................................61
2.6.2 Phosphorus Removal by Enhanced Biological
Phosphorus Removal Process ..............................................62
2.6.3 Phosphorus Removal by Chemical Precipitation .................65
Problems ................................................................................................... 66
References ..................................................................................................73
3 Membranes, Modules, and Cassettes ....................................................75
3.1 Membrane Separation Teories .......................................................75
3.1.1 Transport of Suspended Particles to the Surface of
Membranes and Particle–Membrane Interactions ..............76
3.1.1.1 Hydrodynamic Convection ............................... 77
3.1.1.2 Sedimentation and Flotation ............................. 77
3.1.1.3 Particle–Wall Interaction ................................... 77
3.1.1.4 Sieving ................................................................78
3.1.1.5 Particle Difusion ...............................................78
3.1.2 Transport Teory of Water Molecules through MF
and UF Membranes ............................................................80
3.2 Membrane Materials........................................................................82
3.2.1 Polysulfone .........................................................................83
3.2.2 Polyethersulfone .................................................................85
3.2.3 Polyolefns: Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and
Polyvinylchloride ................................................................85
3.2.4 Polyvinylidene Difuoride ...................................................85
Contents ◾ vii
3.2.5 Polytetrafuoroethylene .......................................................86
3.2.6 Cellulose Acetate ................................................................86
3.3 Membrane Fabrication ....................................................................86
3.3.1 Membrane Fabrication Methods .........................................86
3.3.2 Solubility Parameter for NIPS and TIPS Processes .............88
3.3.3 Phase Separation and Triangular Phase Diagram ...............99
3.3.4 Fabrication of Hollow Fiber and Flat Sheet Membrane.......101
3.4 Membrane Characterization ..........................................................102
3.4.1 Dimensions.......................................................................102
3.4.2 Pore Size Distribution .......................................................104
3.4.2.1 Bubble Point .....................................................104
3.4.2.2 Particle Rejection ..............................................108
3.4.2.3 Polymer Rejection ............................................. 111
3.4.3 Hydrophilicity (Contact Angle) ........................................ 116
3.4.4 Charge Characters (Zeta Potential) .................................. 117
3.4.5 Roughness (Atomic Force Microscopy) ............................120
3.5 Membrane Performance ................................................................122
3.5.1 Permeability ......................................................................122
3.5.2 Rejection ..........................................................................126
3.5.3 Compaction ......................................................................127
3.5.4 Fouling Property ..............................................................127
3.6 Membrane Modules ......................................................................131
3.6.1 Chemistry .........................................................................131
3.6.2 Morphologies ....................................................................132
3.6.3 Membrane Efective Area .................................................133
3.6.4 Packing Density................................................................134
3.6.5 Operation Types ...............................................................136
3.6.5.1 Submerged Type ...............................................137
3.6.5.2 Pressurized Type ...............................................138
3.7 Membrane Cassettes ......................................................................139
3.7.1 Components and Materials ...............................................139
3.7.2 Setup and Maintenance ....................................................140
3.7.3 Membrane Efective Area and Packing Density ................142
3.7.4 Aeration ............................................................................142
3.7.4.1 Aerator ..............................................................142
3.7.4.2 Air Demand .....................................................142
Problems ..................................................................................................144
References ................................................................................................146
4 Membrane Fouling .............................................................................147
4.1 Fouling Phenomena .......................................................................147
4.1.1 Fouling Rate .....................................................................149
viii ◾ Contents
4.2 Classifcation of Fouling ................................................................150
4.2.1 Reversible versus Irreversible and Recoverable versus
Irrecoverable Fouling ........................................................ 151
4.2.2 Classifcation of Fouling by Location of Fouling ..............154
4.2.2.1 Clogging ...........................................................154
4.2.2.2 Cake Layer ....................................................... 155
4.2.2.3 Internal Pore Fouling ........................................158
4.2.3 Solids Deposit Pattern ......................................................158
4.2.4 Solute Fouling .................................................................. 159
4.2.4.1 Concentration Polarization ............................... 159
4.2.4.2 Gel Layer Formation......................................... 159
4.3 Types of Foulants .......................................................................... 159
4.3.1 Particulates .......................................................................160
4.3.1.1 Flocs .................................................................160
4.3.1.2 Floc Size ........................................................... 161
4.3.1.3 Extracellular Polymeric Substances ...................163
4.3.1.4 EPS Extraction and Quantitative
Analysis of EPS Components............................164
4.3.2 Soluble Matter ..................................................................167
4.3.2.1 SMPs or Free EPSs (Soluble EPSs) ....................168
4.4 Factors Afecting Membrane Fouling ............................................171
4.4.1 Membrane and Module ....................................................172
4.4.1.1 Pore Size ...........................................................172
4.4.1.2 Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity ........................173
4.4.1.3 Membrane Raw Materials .................................173
4.4.1.4 Charge .............................................................. 174
4.4.1.5 Module ............................................................. 174
4.4.2 Microbial Characteristics ..................................................175
4.4.2.1 MLSS ...............................................................175
4.4.2.2 Floc Size ...........................................................178
4.4.2.3 Compressibility of the Cake Layer ....................185
4.4.2.4 Dissolved Matter ..............................................186
4.4.2.5 Flocs Structure (Foaming, Pinpoint Floc,
and Bulking) ....................................................188
4.4.2.6 Infuent Characteristics.....................................189
4.4.2.7 Sludge Hydrophobicity .....................................190
4.4.3 Operation ......................................................................... 191
4.4.3.1 HRT ................................................................. 191
4.4.3.2 SRT ..................................................................193
4.4.3.3 Shear Stress .......................................................194
4.4.3.4 Aeration ............................................................196
4.4.3.5 Flux (Critical Flux) ...........................................197
