Pressure-Sensitive Formulation

531 Pages·2000·69.012 MB·\531

by  Istvan Benedek (Author)

Pressure-Sensitive Formulation

Pressure-Sensitive
Formulation
Istvan Benedek
First published 2000 by VSP BV
Published 2019 by Routledge
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Copyright © 2000 by Taylor & Francis.
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ISBN 13: 978-90-6764-330-6 (hbk)
Preface
The first pressure-sensitive products which reached commercial production intheearly
1930s and developed into extremely succesful auxiliaries were labels andtapes. Such
products were basedmainlyontackified natural rubber. Nevertheless, as timewent on,and
other pressure-sensitive products started to distinguish themselves asprominent product
identification, assembly, transport and protectiontools, new demands were made and the
oldraw material basis wasno longer able to satisfy themany requirements ofadvanced
technology inprocessibility and performance. New raw materials were synthesized and
the practical rules and laterthe theoretical basis ofa new discipline called formulation
were developed.
The quintescence of the technology of pressure-sensitive adhesives and of the de-
velopments inpressure-sensitive productsandtheir manufacture have been discussed in
previous booksoftheauthor.Thisvolume aims to give a comprehensive and detailed re-
view ofgeneral results, obtained in a special segment of the design and manufacture of
pressure-sensitive products, known as formulation.For manufacturers of pressure-sensi-
tive products and product components, formulation probably includes the main partof
theirproprietory know-how. For numerous firms it possesses a decidedly empirical cha-
racter. However,the scientific basis of formulation explaining the reasons behind such
mixing and processing technology isdoubtless more important than an up-to-date collec-
tion ofcompositional data and technical parameters. The present volume collects together
the technical and scientific materials concerning themost important theoretical and prac-
tical aspectsof the formulation ofpressure-sensitive adhesives.
Basedon the authors's industrial and scientific experience, thistreatise constitutes a
theoretical and practical state ofthe artmonograph on the formulation ofpressure-sensi-
tive products. Itisapractical guide forthose who wenttostudy, manufactureor usepres-
sure-sensitive products, or theircomponents,for suppliers ofadhesives, elastomers, plastics
andadditives, or manufacturing equipment. It iswritten forproduction and manufactu-
ringmanagers, production engineers, materials scientists, chemists and new product spe-
cialists involved inthe production or application ofpressure-sensitive products.
Itis not theaimofthisbookto give adetailed discussionofdifferent aspects of ma-
cromolecular scienceand polymer processing technology related to pressure-sensitive for-
mulation, nor doesitconstitute a collectionofpractical recipes. The idea isratherto esta-
blish an engineeringbasis,which allows thedevelopment of pressure-sensitive formulati-
onparallel to advances inmacromolecular chemistry and technological progress.
To Judith, my belovedwife, Iamgrateful for herpatience.
Istvdn Benedek

Contents
Preface Hi
1 Introduction 1
1 POLYMER RELATED CHARACTERISTICS OF 2
PRESSURE-SENSITIVITY
1.1 Glass transition temperature 3
1.2 Modulus of elasticity 4
1.3 Macromolecular characteristics 5
Molecular weight 5
Comonomercontent 6
Molecularstructure 7
Sequence length and distribution 10
Compatibility 11
2 RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PRACTICE 13
2.1 Time-temperature superposition principle 13
2.2 Rheological effects in PSP technology 13
2.3 The influence ofthe components and of PSP construction 14
References 14
2 The Role of the Formulation of 19
Pressure-Sensitive Products
1 DEFINITION OF FORMULATION 19
2 THE INFLUENCE OF THE FORMULATION ON THE MANUFACTURE
OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE PRODUCTS 20
2.1 The influence ofthe formulation on the choice ofthe 22
manufacturing technology
The influenceoftheformulation onthe global producttechnology 23
The influenceoftheformulationonthe adhesivecoatingtechnology 23
The influenceof the formulation onthe adhesive manufacturing 31
technology
vi
2.2 The influence ofthe formulation on the manufacturing 32
technology
The influenceofthe formulation onthecoatability 32
The influenceofthe formulation onthe drying 49
The influenceofthe running speed 51
3 THE INFLUENCE OF THE FORMULATIONON THE CONVERTING 51
PROPERTIES
3.1 The influence of the formulation on dimensional stability 52
Formulation influenceon shrinkage 52
Formulation influenceon layflat 54
3.2 The influence ofthe formulation on aesthetic properties 54
3.3 The influence ofthe formulation on confectionating properties 57
4 THE INFLUENCE OF THE FORMULATION ON THE END USE 58
PROPERTIES OF PSPs
4.1 Formulation forthe adhesive properties 59
Adhesive propertiesofPSAs 59
Formulation specificadhesive propertiesof PSA 73
Adhesive propertiesofpressure-sensitive products 75
4.2 Formulation forother properties 78
Formulation forremovability 78
Substrate dependentformulation 79
Carrierdependentformulation 80
Formulation forenvironmental stability 82
Formulation forwaterresistance/solubility 85
Product related formulation 88
Economicconsiderations 92
5 THE LIMITS OF THE FORMULATION 93
5.1 Theoretical limits ofthe formulation 93
5.2 Product build up as formulation limit 93
5.3 End use as formulation limit 94
5.4 Technological limits ofthe formulation 94
vii
5.5 Economical limits of theformulation 94
References 95
3 Formulation Principles 111
1 SYNTHESIS RELATED FORMULATION 111
1.1 Off-line synthesis 113
Polymerization 113
Polymeranalogous reactions inoff-line synthesis 134
1.2 In situ synthesis 137
Polymeranalogous reactions in in-lineadhesive synthesis 137
Polymerization 139
Macromerization 146
2 FORMULATION BY MIXING 152
2.1 Tackification 153
Tackification with high polymers 155
Tackification with resins 163
Tackification with plasticizers 196
Dry/wettackification 202
2.2 Cohesion regulation 203
Formulation bycrosslinking 204
Filling forcohesion increase 220
2.3 Detackification 221
2.4 Polymerdegradation 222
2.5 Elastomer-based formulation 223
Rubber-resin formulations 224
Pure rubber-based formulations 239
2.6 Viscoelastomerbased formulation 239
Formulation ofacrylics 240
Formulation ofvinylacetate copolymers 242
Formulation ofpolyvinylethers 243