Pressure-Sensitive Design, Theoretical Aspects

438 Pages·2006·41.785 MB·\438

by  Istvan Benedek (Author)

Volume 1 Pressure-Sensitive Design, Theoretical Aspects

Volume 1
Pressure-Sensitive
Design, Theoretical
Aspects
István Benedek
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
First published 2006 by koninklijke Brill NV,
Published 2018 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
ISBN 13: 978-90-6764-439-6 (hbk)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made
to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of
all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has
not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify
in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized
in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying,
microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
0 1923, 978-7 50-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users.
For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been
arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Contents
Volume 1
1
Introduction 1
István Benedek
1 THE SHIFT FROM PRESSURE-SENSITIVE FORMULATION 2
TO PRESSURE- SENSITIVE DESIGN
2 THE PARAMETERS OF PRESSURE- SENSITIVE 3
DESIGN AND FORMULATION
2.1 Glass Transition Temperature 5
2.2 Modulus of Elasticity 7
2.3 Macromolecular Characteristics 8
2.3.1 Molecular Weight and MWD 8
Global Molecular Weight 8
Molecular Weight Distribution 9
Partial Molecular Weight 10
2.3.2 Co monomer Content 11
2.3.3 Molecular Structure 12
2.3.4 Sequence Length and Distribution 14
2.4 Compatibility 13
2.5 Time-Temperature Superposition Principle 17
2.6 Fibrillation 18
2.7 Cohesive Strength/Free Volume - Balance 19
2.8 Macroscopic Product Build-Up 20
2.9 Application Conditions 21
References 23
2
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesion as a Material 27
Property and as a Process
Mikhail M.Feldstein and Constantino Creton
1 DEFINITIONS 27
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE 29
ADHESIVES AND INSIGHT INTO THE NATURE OF
ADHERENCE
3 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESION AS A THREE-STAGE 33
PROCESS
4 RHEOLOGY OF PVP- PEG PRESSURE-SENSITIVE 35
ADHESIVES UNDER CONDITIONS MODELING
ADHESIVE BOND FORMATION
5 RELAXATION PROPERTIES OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE 37
ADHESIVES UPON WITHDRAWAL OF BONDING
PRESSURE
6 BEHAVIOR OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES IN 43
THE COURSE OF DEBONDING PROCESS UNDER
FIXED TENSILE FORCE
7 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF 47
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES DURING
DEBONDING PROCESS AS OBSERVED BY
PROBE TACK TEST
7.1 Four Stages of Adhesive Debonding 47
7.2 Major Parameters Characterizing the Debonding 49
Process
7.3 Balance Between Interfacial and Bulk Deformation as a 49
Factor Affecting the Mechanism of Debonding Process
7.4 Mechanisms of Structural Evolution of the Adhesive 51
Material During the First Stage of the Debonding Process
7.5 Mechanisms of Adhesive Relaxation at the Second 56
Stage of Debonding Process
8 CONTRIBUTIONS OF ADHESIVE BONDING AND 57
RELAXATION TO THE PROCESS OF DEBONDING
9 CONCLUSIONS 59
References 60
3
The Role of the Design and Formulation 63
of Pressure-Sensitive Products
István Benedek
1 DEFINITION OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE 63
DESIGN AND FORMULATION
THE INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN AND FORMULATION 64
ON THE MANUFACTURE OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
PRODUCTS
The Influence of the Pressure-Sensitive Design 67
and Formulation on the Global Manufacturing
Technology
The Influence of the Design and Formulation on the 68
Adhesive Coating Technology
Equipment-Related Design and Formulation 68
Productivity-Related Design and Formulation 72
Environmental Considerations 72
The Influence of the Design and Formulation on the Choice 75
of the Adhesive Manufacturing and Processing Technology
The Influence of the Design and Formulation on the 76
Coatability of the Adhesive
Coatability of Solvent-Based Formulations 77
Coatability of Water-Based Formulations 79
Coatability of Hot-Melts 85
Coatability of Prepolymer-Based Formulations 87
Special Problems 87
The Influence of the Design and Formulation on the 88
Drying
The Influence of the Design and Formulation on the 90
Running Speed
The Influence of the Design and Formulation on 90
Converting Properties
The Influence of Design and Formulation on Dimensional 91
Stability
The Influence of Design and Formulation on Shrinkage 91
The Influence of Design and Formulation on Lay-Flat 93
The Influence of Design and Formulation on Migration 93
The Influence of Design and Formulation on 96
Confectionating Properties
The Influence of the Pressure-Sensitive Design and 97
Formulation on Global Product Technology
Pressure-Sensitive Design and Formulation for 98
Adhesive Properties
Design and Formulation of Specific PSAs for Common 98
Adhesive Properties
Solvent-Based Formulations 98
Water-Based Formulations 99
Hot-Melt Formulations 99
Design and Formulation of Pressure-Sensitive Products 100
and Systems for Common Adhesive Properties
Adhesive Properties of Tapes 100
Adhesive Properties for Protective Films 102
Adhesive Properties for Labels 102
Adhesive Properties for Pressure-Sensitive Systems 105
Product Build-Up-Related Design and Formulation 105
Design and Formulation of Carrierless Products 105
Formulation for Conductivity 106
Pressure-Sensitive Design and Formulation for Specific 107
Properties
Formulation for Removability 107
Substrate-Dependent Formulation 108
Carrier-Dependent Formulation 109
Application Conditions-Related Formulation 111
Formulation for Environmental Stability/lnstability 112
Formulation for Water Resistance/Solubility 116
Economic Considerations 118
LIMITS OF THE DESIGN AND FORMULATION 119
Theoretical Limits of the Design and Formulation 119
Product Build-up as Design- and Formulation Limit 119
End-use as Design- and Formulation Limit 120
Technological Limits of Design and Formulation 120
Economic Limits of Design and Formulation 121
References 121
4
Principles of Pressure· Sensitive 131
Design and Formulation
Istvan Benedek
DESIGN AND FORMULATION BY SYNTHESIS 133
Off-Line Synthesis 133
Polymerization 133
The Choice of Monomers 134
Vinyl and Acrylic Monomers 134
Polarity and Functionality of Monomers 137
Special Monomers 142
Choice of the Polymerization Procedure 143
Free Radical Polymerization 144
Ionic Polymerization 146
Polymerization Technology 146
Choice of Additives 147
Surfactants 148
Protective Colloids 150
Special Formulations 151
Design and Formulation for Removability 151
Design and Formulation for Water-Solubility/Insolubility 153
Design and Formulation for Special Products 154
Polymer Analogous Reactions in Off-Line Synthesis 155
Grafting 156
Depolymerization 158
Crosslinking 159
In-Line Synthesis 159
Polymer Analogous Reactions in In-Line Adhesive 159
Synthesis
Functionalization 160
Crosslinking of Polymers 161
Polymerization 161
Monomer-Based, Radiation -Induced Polymerization 162
Initiating of Photopolymerization 163
Monomers 165
Comparison UV/EB-inducedpolymerization 166
Hybrid Systems 168
EB-Curing 168
Macromerization 169
Raw Materials for Macromerization 169
Acrylates for Macromerization 172
DESIGN AND FORMULATION FOR MIXING 175
Tackification 175
Tackification with Elastomers 178
Tackification with Various Elastomers 178
Tackification with Different Polymers 179
Tackification with Viscoelastic Polymers 180
Acrylate Blends 181
Heterogeneous Blends 181
Tackification with Viscous Polymers 182
Butene Derivatives 182
Formulation with Plastomers 184
Styrene Derivatives 184
Special Plastomers 185
Tackification with Resins 185
The Scope of Tackification with Resins 186
Theoretical Basis of the Tackification with Resins 187
Global Tackification 187
Partial Tackification 190
Criteria for the Choice of the Tackifier Resin 192
Compatibility 192
Polarity 193
Aliphatic/Aromatic Ratio 193
Molecular Weight and MWD 194
Softening Point 194
Chemical Composition 197
The Influence of the Base Elastomer on Tackification 198
Suggested Tackifier Resins 200
Resins for CSBR 201