Practical Handbook on Image Processing for Scientific and Technical Applications, Second Edition

564 Pages·2004·42.066 MB·English

by  Bernd Jahne

S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Practical Handbook on
IMAGE PROCESSING for
SCIENTIFIC and
TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Practical Handbook on
IMAGE PROCESSING for
SCIENTIFIC and
TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
Bernd Jähne
University of Heidelberg
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
JŁahne, Bernd, 1953-
Practical handbook on image processing for scienti(cid:222)c and technical applications / Berne JŁahne.(cid:151) 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1900-5 (alk. paper)
1. Image processing(cid:151)Digital techniques(cid:151)Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
TA1637.J347 2004
621.36¢7(cid:151)dc22 2004043570
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© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
What This Handbook Is About
Digital image processing is a fascinating subject in several aspects. Human beings
perceive most of the information about their environment through their visual sense.
While for a long time images could only be captured by photography, we are now at
the edge of another technological revolution that allows image data to be captured,
manipulated,andevaluatedelectronicallywithcomputers.
With breathtaking pace, computers are becoming more powerful and at the same
timelessexpensive. Thus,thehardwarerequiredfordigitalimageprocessingisreadily
available. Inthisway,imageprocessingisbecomingacommontooltoanalyzemultidi-
mensionalscientificdatainallareasofnaturalscience. Formoreandmorescientists,
digital image processing will be the key to studying complex scientific problems they
could not have dreamed of tackling only a few years ago. A door is opening for new
interdisciplinary cooperation merging computer science with corresponding research
areas. Thus, there is a need for many students, engineers, and researchers in natural
andtechnicaldisciplinestolearnmoreaboutdigitalimageprocessing.
Sinceoriginalimageprocessingliteratureisspreadovermanydisciplines,itishard
togatherthisinformation. Furthermore,itisimportanttorealizethatimageprocess-
inghasmaturedinmanyareasfromadhoc, empiricalapproachestoasoundscience
basedonwell-establishedprinciplesinmathematicsandphysicalsciences.
This handbook tries to close this gap by providing the reader with a sound basic
knowledge of image processing, an up-to-date overview of advanced concepts, and a
critically evaluated collection of the best algorithms, demonstrating with real-world
applications. Furthermore,thehandbookisaugmentedwithusuallyhard-to-findprac-
tical tips that will help to avoid common errors and save valuable research time. The
wealthofwell-organizedknowledgecollectedinthishandbookwillinspirethereader
todiscoverthepowerofimageprocessingandtoapplyitadequatelyandsuccessfully
to his or her research area. However, the reader will not be overwhelmed by a mere
collectionofallavailablemethodsandtechniques. Onlyacarefullyandcriticallyeval-
uated selection of techniques that have been proven to solve real-world problems is
presented.
Many concepts and mathematical tools, which find widespread application in nat-
uralsciences,arealsoappliedtodigitalimageprocessing. Suchanalogiesarepointed
out because they provide an easy access to many complex problems in digital image
processing for readers with a general background in natural sciences. The author —
himself educated in physics and computer science — merges basic research in digital
imageprocessingwithkeyapplicationsinvariousdisciplines.
Thishandbookcoversallaspectsofimageprocessingfromimageformationtoim-
ageanalysis. Volumetricimagesandimagesequencesaretreatedasanaturalextension
ofimageprocessingtechniquesfromtwotohigherdimensions.
III
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
IV
Prerequisites
Itisassumedthatthereaderisfamiliarwithelementarymatrixalgebraaswellasthe
Fourier transform. Wherever possible, mathematical topics are described intuitively,
making use of the fact that image processing is an ideal subject to illustrate even
complex mathematical relations. Appendix B outlines linear algebra and the Fourier
transform to the extent required to understand this handbook. This appendix serves
alsoasaconvenientreferencetothesemathematicaltopics.
How to Use This Handbook
This handbook is organized by the tasks required to acquire images and to analyze
them. Thus,thereaderisguidedinanintuitivewayandstepbystepthroughthechain
oftasks. Thestructureofmostchaptersisasfollows:
1. Asummarypagehighlightingthemajortopicsdiscussedinthechapter.
2. Description of the tasks from the perspective of the application, specifying and
detailingwhatfunctionsthespecificimageprocessingtaskperforms.
3. Outline of concepts and theoretical background to the extent that is required to
fullyunderstandthetask.
4. Collectionofcarefullyevaluatedproceduresincludingillustrationofthetheoretical
performancewithtestimages,annotatedalgorithms,anddemonstrationwithreal-
worldapplications.
5. Ready-to-use reference data, practical tips, references to advanced topics, emerg-
ing new developments, and additional reference material. This reference material
is parted into small units, consecutively numbered within one chapter with boxed
numbers,e.g., 3.1 . Thereferenceitemisreferredtobythisnumberinthefollow-
ingstyle: (cid:1)3.1and3.3.
ExceptionsfromthisorganizationareonlythetwointroductoryChapters1and2. The
individualchaptersarewrittenasmuchaspossibleinaninternallyconsistentway.
Anotherkeytotheusageofthehandbookisthedetailedindicesandtheglossary.
Theglossaryisuniqueinthesensethatitcoversnotonlyimageprocessinginanarrow
sense but all important associated topics: optics, photonics, some important general
terms in computer science, photogrammetry, mathematical terms of relevance, and
termsfromimportantapplicationsofimageprocessing. Theglossarycontainsabrief
definitionoftermsusedinimageprocessingwithcross-referencestofindfurtherinfor-
mationinthemaintextofthehandbook. Thus,youcantaketheglossaryasastarting
pointforasearchonaspecificitem. Alltermscontainedintheindicesareemphasized
bytypesettinginitalic style.
Acknowledgments
ManyoftheexamplesshowninthishandbookaretakenfrommyresearchatScripps
Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego) and at the Institute
for Environmental Physics and the Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing
(UniversityofHeidelberg). Igratefullyacknowledgefinancialsupportforthisresearch
fromtheUSNationalScienceFoundation(OCE91-15944-02,OCE92-17002,andOCE94-
09182), the US Office of Naval Research (N00014-93-J-0093, N00014-94-1-0050), and
theGermanScienceFoundation,especiallythroughtheinterdisciplinaryresearchunit
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
V
FOR240 “Image Sequence Analysis to Study Dynamical Processes”. I cordially thank
mycolleagueF.Hamprecht. Hecontributedthelastchapteraboutclassification(Chap-
ter17)tothishandbook.
IwouldalsoexpressmysincerethankstothestaffofCRCPressfortheirconstant
interest in this handbook and their professional advice. I am most grateful for the
invaluable help of my friends at AEON Verlag & Studio in proofreading, maintaining
thedatabases,andindesigningmostofthedrawings.
Iamalsogratefultothemanyindividuals,organizations,andcompaniesthatpro-
videdvaluablematerialforthishandbook:
• Many of my colleagues — too many to be named individually here — who worked
together with me during the past seven years within the research unit “Image Se-
quenceAnalysistoStudyDynamicalProcesses”atHeidelbergUniversity
• Dr. M.Bock,DKFZHeidelberg
• Dr. J. Klinke, PORD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California,
SanDiego
• Prof. H.-G. Maas, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of
Dresden
• Prof. J.Ohser,FHDarmstadt
• Dr. T. Scheuermann, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Ger-
many
• Prof.Trümper,Max-Planck-InstituteforExtraterrestricPhysics,Munich
• ELTECElektronikGmbH,Mainz,Germany
• Dr.Klee,HoechstAG,Frankfurt,Germany
• OptischeWerkeG.Rodenstock,PrecisionOpticsDivision,D-80469Munich
• Prof. J.Weickert,UniversityofSaarbrücken,Germany
• ZeissJenaGmbH,Jena,Germany
• Dr. G.Zinser,HeidelbergEngineering,Heidelberg,Germany
ThedetaileddescriptiononimagingsensorsinChapter5isbasedonanextensive
cameratestprogram. Iamgratefultothemanufacturersanddistributorswhoprovided
camerasatnocost: Adimec,AlliedVision,BaslerVisionTechnologies,IDS,PCO,Pulnix,
andStemmerImaging(Dalsa,Jai).
Most examples contained in this handbook have been processed using heurisko®,
aversatileandpowerfulimageprocessingpackage. heurisko®hasbeendevelopedby
AEON1 incooperationwiththeauthor.
In a rapid progressing field such as digital image processing, a major work like
this handbook is never finished or completed. Therefore, any comments on further
improvements or additions to the handbook are very welcome. I am also grateful for
hintsonerrors,omissions,ortypingerrors,whichdespiteallthecaretakenmayhave
slippedmyattention.
Heidelberg,Germany,January2004 BerndJähne
1AEONVerlag&Studio,Hanau,Germany,http://www.heurisko.de
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 FromDrawingstoElectronicImages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 GeometricMeasurements: GaugingandCounting . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 SizeDistributionofPigmentParticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2 GasBubbleSizeDistributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 InSituMicroscopyofCellsinBioreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 RadiometricMeasurements: RevealingtheInvisible . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 FluorescenceMeasurementsofConcentrationFields . . . . . 8
1.4.2 ThermographyforBotany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.3 ImagingofShortOceanWindWaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.4 SARImagingforPlanetologyandEarthSciences . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.5 X-RayAstronomywithROSAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.6 SpectroscopicImagingforAtmosphericSciences . . . . . . . . 19
1.5 DepthMeasurements: Exploring3-DSpace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.1 OpticalSurfaceProfiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.2 3-DRetinaImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.3 DistributionofChromosomesinCellNuclei . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5.4 X-RayandMagneticResonance3-DImaging . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 VelocityMeasurements: ExploringDynamicProcesses . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.1 ParticleTrackingVelocimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.2 3-DFlowTomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.6.3 MotorProteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 TasksandTools 33
2.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2 BasicConcepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.1 GoalsforApplicationsofImageProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.2 MeasuringversusRecognizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.3 SignalsandUncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.4 RepresentationandAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.5 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.6 HierarchyofImageProcessingTasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.2 CameraandFrameGrabber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.3 Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.4 SoftwareandAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
VII
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
VIII Contents
I From Objects to Images
3 QuantitativeVisualization 55
3.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1 ElectromagneticWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.2 ParticleRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.3 AcousticWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.4 RadiometricTerms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.5 PhotometricTerms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3.6 Surface-RelatedInteractionsofRadiationwithMatter . . . . . 70
3.3.7 Volume-RelatedInteractionsofRadiationwithMatter . . . . . 76
3.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4.2 TypesofIllumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4.3 IlluminationTechniquesforGeometricMeasurements . . . . 84
3.4.4 IlluminationTechniquesforDepthMeasurements . . . . . . . 86
3.4.5 IlluminationTechniquesforSurfaceSlopeMeasurements . . 88
3.4.6 ColorandMulti-SpectralImaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.4.7 HumanColorVision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.8 ThermalImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.4.9 ImagingofChemicalSpeciesandMaterialProperties . . . . . 106
3.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5.1 ClassificationofRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5.2 RadiationSources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.5.3 HumanVision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.5.4 SelectedOpticalProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.5.5 FurtherReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4 ImageFormation 119
4.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.3.1 CoordinateSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.3.2 GeometricalOptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.3.3 WaveOptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.3.4 RadiometryofImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3.5 LinearSystemTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.4.1 GeometryofImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.4.2 StereoImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.4.3 ConfocalLaserScanningMicroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.4.4 Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.5.1 DataofOpticalSystemsforCCDImaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.5.2 OpticalDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.5.3 FurtherReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Contents IX
5 ImagingSensors 169
5.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.3.2 DetectorPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.3.3 QuantumDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.3.4 ThermalDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.3.5 ImagingDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.3.6 TelevisionVideoStandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.3.7 CCDSensorArchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.4.1 MeasuringPerformanceParametersofImagingSensors. . . . 185
5.4.2 SensorandCameraSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.4.3 SpectralSensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.4.4 ArtifactsandOperationErrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.5.1 BasicPropertiesofImagingSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.5.2 StandardVideoSignals;TimingandSignalForms . . . . . . . 199
5.5.3 ColorVideoSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.5.4 CamerasandConnectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.5.5 FurtherReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6 DigitalizationandQuantization 207
6.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.3.1 DigitalImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.3.2 TheSamplingTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.3.3 SamplingTheoreminxt Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.3.4 ReconstructionfromSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.3.5 SamplingandSubpixelAccurateGauging . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.3.6 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.4.1 TheTransferFunctionofanImageAcquisitionSystem . . . . 226
6.4.2 QualityControlofQuantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.5.1 EvolutionofImageAcquisitionHardware . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.5.2 AnalogVideoInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.5.3 DigitalVideoInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6.5.4 Real-TimeImageProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.5.5 FurtherReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
II Handling and Enhancing Images
7 Pixels 241
7.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.3.1 RandomVariablesandProbabilityDensityFunctions . . . . . 243
7.3.2 FunctionsofRandomVariables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.3.3 MultipleRandomVariablesandErrorPropagation . . . . . . . 247
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
X Contents
7.3.4 HomogenousPointOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.3.5 InhomogeneousPointOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
7.3.6 PointOperationswithMultichannelImages . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.4.1 GrayValueEvaluationandInteractiveManipulation . . . . . . 255
7.4.2 CorrectionofInhomogeneousIllumination . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.4.3 RadiometricCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.4.4 NoiseVarianceEqualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.4.5 HistogramEqualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.4.6 NoiseReductionbyImageAveraging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.4.7 Windowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8 Geometry 269
8.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.3.1 GeometricTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.3.2 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
8.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
8.4.1 Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.4.2 Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.4.3 Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.4.4 AffineandPerspectiveTransforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
9 RestorationandReconstruction 293
9.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
9.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.3.1 TypesofImageDistortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.3.2 DefocusingandLensAberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
9.3.3 VelocitySmearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9.3.4 InverseFiltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9.3.5 Model-basedRestoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9.3.6 RadonTransformandFourierSliceTheorem . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
9.4.1 ReconstructionofDepthMapsfromFocusSeries . . . . . . . 302
9.4.2 3-DReconstructionbyInverseFiltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.4.3 FilteredBackprojection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
9.5 AdvancedReferenceMaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
III From Images to Features
10 Neighborhoods 315
10.1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
10.2 Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
10.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10.3.1 Masks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10.3.2 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10.3.3 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10.3.4 PointSpreadFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC