Practical Argument: A Text and Anthology

916 Pages·2013·27.4 MB·English

by  Laurie G. Kirszner

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A TEXT AND ANTHOLOGY
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BEDFORD
ST. MARTIN’S Laurie G. Kirszner
ISBN 978-1-4576-2237-3
Stephen R. Mandell
mech_KM-PracticalArgument2-SE-052413
A guide to important reference features in
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Templates for Key Skills
Practical Argument + e-Pages
Structuring an Argument .....................................................................49
Writing a Critical Response .................................................................73
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Responding to Visual Arguments ........................................................87
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis .............................................................108
Writing a Deductive Argument ...........................................................181
Writing an Inductive Argument ..........................................................182
Your book goes beyond the printed page.
Writing a Rogerian Argument ............................................................237
Writing a Toulmin Argument ..............................................................237 e-Pages for Practical Argument present online quizzes that help you succeed. Test
Using Identifying Tags .......................................................................324 what you know about syllogisms, fallacies, and more.
Writing an Argument about Plagiarism ..............................................391
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Writing a Definition Argument ...........................................................436
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Writing a Causal Argument ................................................................479
Writing an Evaluation Argument .........................................................514
For access to e-Pages:
Writing a Proposal Argument ............................................................556
Writing an Argument by Analogy ......................................................586 • Go to bedfordstmartins.com/practicalargument.
Writing an Ethical Argument ..............................................................627
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Grammar in Context Boxes
Using Parallelism ...............................................................................260
For technical support:
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement ......................................................265
Contractions versus Possessive Pronouns ........................................266 • macmillanhighered.com/techsupport
Avoiding Is Where and Is When ........................................................405
Avoiding “The Reason Is Because” ..................................................451 STUDENT ACCESS CODE
Comparatives and Superlatives .........................................................491
Will versus Would ..............................................................................530
Using Like and As ..............................................................................566
Subordination and Coordination .........................................................604
Guidance on Working with Sources
Evaluating Sources ............................................................................278
Summarizing Sources .........................................................................314
Paraphrasing Sources .........................................................................316 Instructors: To get instructor access, register as an instructor at
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Second Edition
Practical
Argument
A Text and Anthology
Laurie G. Kirszner
University of the Sciences, Emeritus
Stephen R. Mandell
Drexel University
Bedford / St. Martin’s
Boston ■ New York
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duce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the
copyright holder.
PREFACE
In recent years, more and more college composition programs have inte-
grated argumentation into their first-year writing sequence, and there are
good reasons for this. Argumentation is central to academic and public
discourse, so students who are skilled at argumentation are able to par-
ticipate in the dynamic, ongoing discussions that take place both in their
classrooms and in their communities. Clearly, argumentation teaches valu-
able critical-thinking skills that are necessary for academic success and for
survival in today’s media-driven society.
What has surprised and troubled us as teachers, however, is that many
college argument texts are simply too difficult. Frequently, a divide exists
between the pedagogy of these texts and students’ ability to understand it.
In many cases, technical terminology and excessively abstract discussions
lead to confusion instead of clarity. The result is that students’ worst fears
are realized: instead of feeling that they are part of a discourse community,
they see themselves marginalized as outsiders who will never be able to
understand, let alone master, the principles of argumentation.
Recognition that students struggle to master important principles of
argumentative thinking and writing, we drew on our years of classroom
experience to create an innovative book: Practical Argument: A Text and
Anthology. In this second edition, Practical Argument remains a straight-
forward, accessible, and visually stimulating introduction to argumenta-
tive writing that explains concepts in understandable, everyday language
and illustrates them with examples that actually mean something to stu-
dents. Practical Argument is an alternative for instructors who see currently
available argument texts as too big, too complicated, and too intimidating
for their students. Its goal is to demystify the study of argument. Thus,
Practical Argument focuses on the things that students need to know, omit-
ting the confusing, overly technical concepts they often struggle with. For
example, Practical Argument emphasizes the basic principles of classical
argument and downplays the more complex Toulmin logic, treating it as
simply an alternative way of envisioning argument. Practical Argument
works because its approach is “practical”; it helps students to make con-
nections between what they learn in the classroom and what they experi-
ence in their lives outside of it. As they do so, they become comfortable
with the rhetorical skills that are central to effective argumentation. We
believe there’s no other book like it.
iii
iv Preface
Organization
Practical Argument, both a text and a reader, includes in one book every-
thing students and instructors need for an argument course.
■ Part 1, Understanding Argument, discusses the role of argument in
everyday life and the value of studying argument, offers definitions
of what argument is and is not, explains the means of persuasion
(appeals to logic, emotion, and authority), and defines and illustrates
the basic elements of argument (thesis, evidence, refutation, and con-
cluding statement).
■ Part 2, Reading and Responding to Arguments, explains and
illustrates critical thinking and reading; visual argument; writing a
rhetorical analysis; logic and fallacies; and Rogerian, Toulmin, and
oral arguments.
■ Part 3, Writing an Argumentative Essay, traces and illustrates the pro-
cess of planning, drafting, and revising an argumentative essay.
■ Part 4, Using Sources to Support Your Argument, covers locating and
evaluating print and Internet sources; summarizing, paraphrasing,
quoting, and synthesizing sources; documenting sources in MLA style;
and avoiding plagiarism.
■ Part 5, Strategies for Argument, explains and illustrates some of the
most common kinds of arguments—definition arguments, causal
arguments, evaluation arguments, proposal arguments, arguments by
analogy, and ethical arguments.
■ Part 6, Debates, Casebooks, and Classic Arguments, includes both
contemporary and classic arguments. The contemporary arguments are
arranged in four pro-con debates and five in-depth casebooks on issues
such as whether study drugs should be banned and whether the “glass
ceiling” is a myth. The eleven classic arguments include well-known
pieces by writers such as Jonathan Swift, George Orwell, Martin Luther
King Jr., and Rachel Carson.
■ Appendixes. Appendix A provides instruction on writing literary
arguments, and Appendix B covers APA documentation style.
Key Features
Concise in a Thoughtful Way
Practical Argument covers everything students need to know about
argument but doesn’t overwhelm them. It limits technical vocabulary to
what students and instructors actually require to understand and discuss
Preface v
important concepts in argument and argumentative writing. In
IntroductionAn Introduction to Argument 11
short, Practical Argument is argument made accessible.
Abyrg Huemlpefnutl SAtpeppa brayt Sutsep, Supported ehaoSmtctwehioxsbeefootee apnllanupenp mtsbpa.Aleetli dlald,ipdmMi lcn istel abtthhebcrea uped,eoeosen pr do durnueeyec e xsnvg 1aturs Aphih1fal onnsanlams, —fi afichot2c rane eti it0ri tahan rre0Aai rp ientgp1pacgam p an.puhaili eitnnetdemoasatraset ttalio aieslolcco rf rn tgka etneocttronssh os ap ntw s enohpif oo faetsneh ntthastt w sie hdraaPti ,mniuete coen hycddtafor ee a reewtt ptltettpoi hrohaetdHrweaelrneo idbe ne aasos ,lrter J naefcisabca.o moa penioMonntnsarde fs a n oa awccawdetrprocnhaesydraloeosde.ley em t vj boguWatewpheo tdrat h,oaeti anwhccn erc Wee lnraikdrje,il u ttord tfiaoesThorn itablnrnreigddyaf y .i k y edeP TeIx isednsevnraa ta ai dwrmCdatrdohsnle ee p npinodn sHlgiCfce tc sdeea—aeete rrermuntn bgshartosiuooeerarene-rr--st,
Pathos in Action
Practical Argument takes students through a step-by-step process of Tpapgoihcirenttu gifnro pegl el ooeofvwp iplidenoe lgtnao rca redbe, esimapt reiassck tdee ftesfh feagecco teeionvddev b inuryoos genn rmeoatffhef nitethltie,.e sAt sha.lpeth paoedua lig nhtco lt uhthdee ea sde am c cooantpitotainionsns. eUnnosci snouugp ra--
reading and responding to others’ arguments and writing, revising,
and editing their own arguments. The book uses a classroom-tested,
exercise-driven approach that encourages students to participate
actively in their own learning process. Chapters progress in a clear,
easy-to-understand sequence: students are asked to read arguments, in anY oarug cuamne ansts ebsys athskei nefgf etchteiv feonlleosws ionfg p qautheostsi o(tnhse: appeal to the emotions)
■ Does the argument include words or images designed to move readers?
identify their key elements, and develop a response to an issue in the ■ Does the argument use emotionally loaded language?
■ Dcaolceus lathteed atrog aupmpeenalt tion rceluaddeer sv’ ievmido dtieosncsr?i ptions or striking examples
form of a complete, documented argumentative essay based on in-
book focused research.
Exercises and writing assignments for each selection provide
guidance for students as they work toward creating a finished piece
of writing. Throughout the text, checklists, grammar-in-context and Chapter 1The Four Pillars of Argument 49
summary boxes, and source and gloss notes provide support In addi- (cid:2)EWobfeX rlwioEtehwR ea,C t fhoiIlenSlirenE -agp 1caino.r2 altlghergea elpi nehde asur ctgoaut cmiorenean itste ia ny gowouhori dcah rig nyuvomeuse ttmnakte.en at. pFooslliotiwon t hoen ttehme tpolaptiec
tion, more than a dozen unique templates for paragraph-length argu- TEMPLATEFORSTRUCTURINGAN ARGUMENT
Whether or not a college education is worth the money is a
ments—located in the end-of-chapter exercises—provide structures controversial topic. Some people believe that
. Others challenge this position, claiming
that
that students can use for guidance as they write definition arguments, .
However, .
. Although both
causal arguments, evaluation arguments, proposal arguments, argu- sides of this issue have merit, it seems clear that a college education (is/is
not) a worthwhile investment because
.
ments by analogy, ethical arguments, and so on. (In addition, many (cid:2)EXERCISE 1.3
sentence templates appear in the questions that follow the readings.) Iadn rtwaefrotveridteh wawb htowivleoe iscnolva etshssamtmt aiett eninst.c olRuned vtehisse ey totohuperi cco loansfe sw-mphaaertatehgser’ arv paieh wc aosrl lgoeungm et heeend tiu stcshauateito. yno ius
(cid:2)EXERCISE 1.4
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(cid:2)EXERCISE 1.5
A Thematically Focused Approach with Ryeeosvesiuvdarieey enw?s cA setad,h ydre.e afDfunootyuae rtms-i opyinsoos iuoninrft goec psehslpeeaocmyks lieiinnsngtct lsauo. rdnTge hup eamanlgle, fenloa tubs2,re3 al,e ynlaeodnmu dcreo enanstpcsslpa uolydyf’ i snae tgnah cesahstra igstque summteaesetetnnimotta.net invtote,
CStuodmenptse lellairnng b eCst hwahpent ethre yT coaprei acbsout and are engaged in an issue. (cid:2)ERapbabnaeeXor yaaaEtudhdgRt id rtnhCatehgpedIe Shb s t Eeshort e o dr1tsurhept.cle 6oete utnwserssedreai t yoaet ornrt ’h dcstha h dctae ion fseongcsltuelesosdanws?yti o.s o.nW fI nthaocan otm ,re piaffof kearecan ttiyitivn thmeg i noawgrregh, uadcmtoo y neyovnouitnu, c hwtiahnrviginet?ek l Sesaahh rooonnuueellddd-
For this reason Practical Argument uses readings and assignments to
help students learn argumentation in the context of one high-interest
contemporary issue per chapter. Chapter topics include college costs,
the drinking age, and internships—issues that have real meaning in
students’ lives.
Readings on Relevant and Interesting Issues
Ninety-four accessible professional readings—on issues that students
will want to read about and debate—are included in the text, with
numerous selections from college newspapers and blogs introducing
authentic student voices into the text. Topics include privacy in the
age of Facebook, online versus classroom education, and the ques-
tion of whether we should eat meat. Many visual selections appear
throughout in conjunction with textual readings. Seventeen sample
student essays (more than in any other argument book), including
vi Preface
complete MLA and APA research papers, provide realistic models for stu-
dent writers as well as additional student voices. (Many of these student
essays include helpful annotations.) An additional twenty-eight selections
are organized as debates and casebooks on questions such as whether the
United States needs a federal DREAM Act and whether everyone should
have the right to attend college. A collection of eleven classic arguments
offers more challenging approaches to enduring issues.
To help students better understand the context of the sources included
inPractical Argument, each is marked with an icon that shows how it was
originally presented.
Book Magazine or National Speech
84 Part 2Reading and Responding to Arguments
journal newspaper
Mediaviolence.org,The Top Games of 2011 Include
According to CNBC, the Top Games of 2011 Include:
Rage
Bulletstorm
Max Payne
Twisted Metal
Deus Ex 3: Human Revolution
Poem Student essay Student Web site
newspaper
(cid:2)EXERCISE 3.3
Iokvanii rnopt ewdlaersrvinat iohcgeef rw a av(c pioatdhur e c alsolalau scvsm ktsi hommoalfeata n vtraeciiroze eial.ne bwDgno acoyueteoct)s h uh terhyi sdoain tuob troery rcc hvfclreaiuieresr wsnsem .dxinspa etahernii seds neo fcerae mhasen iwlryy ci ltmoihnm ekvmsmid bbueeenorti wstgy eaa?enm Wnde rttsihh—teee An Open and Inviting Full-Color Design
(cid:2)EXERCISE 3.4
SGLeinoftef uoherdakcisy rt id evat sehtJ sleoyae nytaeh.ecarshce’s he v eovissinssueuaa yals ,lu sw“p oVpitnioho r lttehsane tt hc fMoreil tleciocdewainalit n rIeagsyl peGa,ar oggoauednm, dafe olnltr ht o Keft hniwda sthc” ioJ con(hpns piaed.ps e p5rm8e –aah6rko 1eiw)ns. Tdehnet sfr. eTshhi,s c oopnetenm, cpoolorarfruyl ldoeoskig onf ePlirmacitnicaatel sA trhgeu mseean otf w dielln esen gtyapgee tshtua-t
is typical of many other argument books. Over a hundred photo-
graphs and other visuals—such as graphic novel excerpts, cartoons,
advertisements, realia, templates, charts and graphs, Web pages, and
fine art—provide appealing, real-world examples. The use of open
space and numerous images reinforces the currency of the book’s
1CHA5PTER themes and also creates an inviting and visually stimulating format.
Proposal
Arguments
New to This Edition
AT ISSUE Essays, Topics, and Images
Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?
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Fseoer cboemdfporredhsetnmsiaornti nqsu.iczozems/, practicalargument. 517 examples for students.
Preface vii
Debates, Casebooks, and Classic Arguments
New debate and casebook topics include publicizing the addresses of sex
offenders, America’s safety after 9/11, and more. The classic argument sec-
tion now features more recent selections, including essays by James Baldwin
and Betty Friedan.
More Help with the Writing Process
and Academic Writing
In response to instructor requests, we have added more coverage of the writ-
ing process—more on developing the body of an essay, more on editing and
proofreading, more on the rhetorical situation, and more grammar help. We
have also provided more help with academic writing, including additional
material on finding sources. Finally, we have included additional templates—
for example, templates for thesis statements, paraphrase, and summary.
Online Quizzes in e-Pages
Practical Argument now features e-Pages with more than 200 online quiz-
zes. These multiple-choice quizzes cover both the argument instruction
and the readings, so you can easily assess how well your students under-
stand the material you assign. Students have free access to e-Pages quizzes
with the purchase of a new book. (See the inside back cover for details, or
go tobedfordstmartins.com/practicalargument.)
You Get More Digital Choices
for Practical Argument
Practical Argument doesn’t stop with a book. Online, you’ll find both free
and affordable premium resources to help students get even more out of
the book and your course. You’ll also find convenient instructor resources,
such as downloadable sample syllabi, classroom activities, and even a
nationwide community of teachers. To learn more about or order any of
the products below, contact your Bedford/St. Martin’s sales representative,
e-mail sales support ([email protected]), or visit the Web site
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Student Site for Practical Argument
bedfordstmartins.com/practicalargument Send students to free and
open resources, choose flexible premium resources to supplement your print
text, or upgrade to an expanding collection of innovative digital content.
Free and open resources. Practical Argument provides students with
free, easy-to-access reference materials, visual tutorials, and support
for working with sources.
viii Preface
■ Three free tutorials from ix visual exercises by Cheryl Ball and
Kristin Arola
■ TopLinks with reliable online sources
■ The Bedford Bibliographer, a tool for collecting source information
and making a bibliography in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles
An interactive e-book. Practical Argument is available in an e-book
format. With all the content of the print book, the Practical Argu-
ment e-Book lets students easily search, highlight, and bookmark.
Instructors can customize and rearrange chapters, add and share
notes, and link to quizzes and activities. Loaded with quizzes on
both the argument instruction and the readings, the e-book gives
students flexible options for thinking and writing about argument.
The Practical Argument e-Book can be purchased alone or pack-
aged at a discount with the print book. To order the e-book pack-
aged with the print book, use ISBN 978-1-4576-6391-8.
Bonus online readings. Even if you don’t order the e-book, you can
package the additional online readings free with the print textbook.
For more information about the extra selections, visit the catalog
page at bedfordstmartins.com/practicalargument/catalog.
Multiple formats. Students can purchase Practical Argument as a print
book or in popular e-book formats for computers, tablets, and
e-readers. For more details, visit bedfordstmartins.com/ebooks.
VideoCentral. This growing collection of videos for the writing class
captures real-world, academic, and student writers talking about
how and why they write. VideoCentral can be packaged for free with
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Central packaged with the print book, use ISBN 978-1-4576-6375-8.
Re:Writing Plus. All of Bedford/St. Martin’s premium digital content
for composition is gathered into one online collection called
Re:Writing Plus. It includes hundreds of model documents, the first-
ever peer-review game, and VideoCentral. Re:Writing Plus can be
purchased separately or packaged with the print book at a significant
discount. An activation code is required. To order Re:Writing Plus
packaged with Practical Argument, use ISBN 978-1-4576-6366-6.
i-series Add more value to your text by choosing one of the following
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