potentials and constraints of kilombero valley among agro pastoralists community

193 Pages·2014·4.82 MB·English

POTENTIALS AND CONSTRAINTS OF KILOMBERO VALLEY AMONG AGRO
PASTORALISTS COMMUNITY
BY
PASCHAL LUCAS LUWANDA
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN LAND
USE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE, MOROGORO, TANZANIA.
2008
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ABSTRACT
Environment degradation, loss of grazing lands, high grazing intensities and drought in
northern regions of Tanzania, led to massive migration of pastoralists and livestock to
more resourced areas in the south. This has brought different ethnic groups into same
ecological ranges there by increasing environmental degradation and resource use conflict.
Kilombero valley is one area which received many pastoralists now days with highest
conflict incidents reported. The objectives of this study were, (a) to identify major land
uses in the valley (b) to evaluate selected land utilization types (c) to identify areas of land
use conflicts and (d) to recommend remedial measures. Land unit map was established
through visual aerial photo interpretation, three main physiographic units were
distinguished: the Hilly, the Piedmont and the alluvial plain. PRA and questionnaire were
used to collect socio-economic data and SPSS programme was used for analysis. Soil
survey carried out and soil samples were analysed for physical and chemical properties
important to the requirements of the selected land utilization types. The results revealed
that, land uses in the valley include farming, grazing, bee keeping, wild life utilization,
fishing and forest utilization. The absence of irrigation schemes, limited use of new
agricultural technology, poor agricultural infrastructure and extension services are among
the major constraints to farming. On livestock, overstocking and poor technical services
are among the major problems. As for land evaluation, it was noted that the alluvial plain
which potential for paddy cultivation, is in stiff competition with livestock grazing due to
availability of pasture and water. Conflicts between farmers and pastoralists are rooted on
crop damage by livestock and land disputes among others. Absence of exiting land use
plan has worsened the situation. In conclusion, both pastoralists and farmers are engaged
in farming and zoning for different land use types was recommended.
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DECLARATION
I, PASCHAL LUCAS LUWANDA, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University
of Agriculture that this dissertation is my own original work and it has not been submitted
for a higher degree in any other University.

Paschal Lucas Luwanda Date
(MSc. Land Use Planning and Management)
The above declaration is confirmed
Prof. Tarimo, A.K.P.R. Date
(Supervisor)
______________________ _____________________
Dr. Mbilinyi B.P. Date
(Supervisor)
iv
COPYRIGHT
No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of
Agriculture in that behalf.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In pursuit of this work a number of people, institutes and government departments were of
great assistance in different capacities. It is not possible to mention each one by name, but
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to them all. For special thanks however I must
single out the following persons. My supervisors Professor Tarimo A. K. P. R. and Dr.
Mbilinyi B.P. deserves special gratitude first for accepting me as their student and for
their, professional guidance, critical comments, encouragement and sincere interest in this
study from its formulation to its completion. I am also indebted to the Head, Department
of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning, Prof. Kihupi, N. I. for his full co-
operation and support. I gratefully acknowledge the inputs of the other staff at Department
of Agricultural Engineering and Land planning especially Dr. Kimario D.N. for his tireless
support whenever contacted during proposal preparation and after fieldwork. I would like
also to express my sincere gratitude to my fellow students in the department of
Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning for their continued sharing of ideas whenever
asked, however, Mr. Lyoba, K.H. deserve special mention for his inputs during image
interpretation and mapping.
I am very grateful to Development Cooperation Ireland for offering me the scholarship for
Master degree programme and to my employer, District Executive Director - Ulanga for
the permission offered to pursue postgraduate studies. I would like to express my sincere
acknowledgement to staff and administration of DALDO´S office, Ulanga District for
their moral and practical support. A special mention is due to the following officers Mr.
Mtepa Kashaija, Irrigation technician who let me use his personal GPS, Mr. Kihiyo and
Mr. Kamwela, livestock field officers who provided me various documents relating to land
use conflicts and soil fertility in the District.
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During the field work a number of people and Non Governmental Organizations provided
me logistical support. I would like to extend my gratitude to my field assistants in Itete
Ward who served as guides and enumerators. Njiwa livestock field Officer Mr. Bryson
Mzava, teachers V.Godi, J. Mbombwe and Clarence both from Njiwa primary school.
Others were Minazini Agricultural Extension Officer Mr. Felix Maynard and Michael
Mhando, Msemakweli Chiwaga and G. Thomas teachers of Mahimbo primary school in
Minazini village. The extension officers helped to guide me during soil survey while the
teachers helped me to conduct PRA and interviews. A special mention is due to peasant
farmers, herders, local leaders and government agents who devoted their time to respond
to continuous interviews and allowed me to pry into their privacy. Their cooperation shall
always be remembered. Brother Samuel Mpalange, the head of Nazareth Community
(Minazini Parish, Catholic Mission) and his assistant Mr. Chambuya Zarafi deserve special
mention for accommodating me and offering important information from their experience
in the area as brother Mpalange had been living in Kilombero valley since 1956.
Finally I want to make a special note to my wife Juliet P. Luwanda and our wonderful
children; Jerome and Jolene, Uncle Charles and other relatives who had to tolerate my
long absence from home. Without their understanding, unfailing support and patience,
above all their prayers and love, I could never have found courage and energy to complete
this task.
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my mother Henirica Lorenzi Mitundula and to the memory of
my beloved father, the late Lucas John Mgadusi who laid the foundation of my education.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................ii
DECLARATION................................................................................................................iii
COPYRIGHT.....................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................v
DEDICATION...................................................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................xv
LIST OF APPENDICES..................................................................................................xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS...........................................................xvii
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 General Objective................................................................................................6
1.2.2 The specific objectives include............................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................7
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................7
2.1 LAND USE.....................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Livestock production land use in Tanzania.........................................................8
2.1.1.1 Livestock production systems in Tanzania....................................................8
2.2 LAND EVALUATION....................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Basic concepts and definitions on Land Evaluation..........................................11
2.2.2 Land Suitability.................................................................................................12
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2.2.3 Land Evaluation in Tanzania.............................................................................13
2.2.3.1 Principles of land evaluation used...............................................................13
2.2.3.2 Types of land evaluation carried out in Tanzania........................................13
2.2.3.3 Land evaluation systems used in Tanzania..................................................14
2.2.4 Land unit for land evaluation............................................................................16
2.2.4.1 Soil mapping units.......................................................................................18
2.2.4.2 Land mapping units (LMUs).......................................................................18
2.2.4.3 Agro ecological zones (AEZs)....................................................................19
2.3 LAND USE CONFLICTS................................................................................................20
2.3.1 The concept of social conflicts..........................................................................20
2.3.2 Perspectives on conflicts...................................................................................22
2.3.3 Outcome of conflict...........................................................................................23
2.3.4 Factors underlying resource – use/land use conflicts.......................................23
2.3.4.1 Overview.....................................................................................................23
2.3.4.2 Levels of natural resource degradation.......................................................24
2.3.4.3 Population pressure.....................................................................................24
2.3.4.4 Characteristics of resource users.................................................................25
2.3.4.5 Policies and laws.........................................................................................26
2.3.4.6 Multiple-use Pastoral Systems.....................................................................27
2.3.4.7 Climate change............................................................................................27
2.3.5 Pastoralists and farmers conflicts in Tanzania.................................................28
CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................30
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................30
3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE AREA....................................................................30
3.1.1 Location.............................................................................................................30
3.1.2 Climate..............................................................................................................32
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3.1.3 Topography........................................................................................................32
3.1.4 Soil.....................................................................................................................33
3.1.5 Vegetation..........................................................................................................33
3.2 POPULATION...............................................................................................................33
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHODS.....................................................................................34
3.3.1 Identification of major land uses in the valley..................................................34
3.3.1.1 Satellite image classification........................................................................34
3.3.1.2 Interview......................................................................................................35
3.3.1.3 Secondary data/information.........................................................................35
3.3.2 Evaluation of selected land utilization types.....................................................36
3.3.2.1 Materials......................................................................................................36
3.3.2.2 Preparation of land unit map.......................................................................36
3.3.2.3 Identification of land utilization types (LUTS)............................................37
3.3.2.4 Land use requirements of selected LUTs.....................................................38
3.3.2.5 Soil survey...................................................................................................38
3.3.2.6 Land suitability rating..................................................................................45
3.3.2.7 Socio-economic survey................................................................................45
3.3.2.8 Social data analysis......................................................................................47
3.3.3 Land Use Conflict Assessments.........................................................................47
CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................48
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS................................................................................48
4.1 IDENTIFIED LAND USE/COVER TYPES IN THE KILOMBERO VALLEY...........................48
4.1.1 Rainfed agriculture (Farming)..........................................................................51
4.1.1.1 Types of crops..............................................................................................51
4.1.1.2 Farm sizes and yields...................................................................................54
4.1.1.3 Management practices.................................................................................55