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Positive Psychology
The Science of Happiness and Flourishing
Second Edition
WILLIAM C. COMPTON
EDWARD HOFFMAN
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PositivePsychology:TheScienceof ©2013,2005Wadsworth,CengageLearning
HappinessandFlourishing,Secondedition
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Dedication
To Barbara, once again. Her laughter continues to be the music of my life
—(W.C.)
To Elaine, who has quietly taught me about flourishing.
—(E.H.)
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Brief Contents
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xiv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xvii
1 An Introduction toPositivePsychology 1
2 Foundations:Emotion, Motivation,
andtheNatureof Well-Being 23
3 Subjective Well-Being 51
4 Leisure, Flow,Mindfulness andPeakPerformance 79
5 LoveandWell-Being 101
6 Positive Health 127
7 Excellence,Aesthetics, Creativity, andGenius 153
8 Well-Being AcrosstheLifespan 177
9 OptimalWell-Being 199
10 Religion, Spirituality, andWell-Being 229
11 Positive Institutions andCultural Well-Being 259
12 A LookTowardthe Futureof PositivePsychology 283
REFERENCES 297
NAME INDEX 361
SUBJECT INDEX 375
iv
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Contents
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xiv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xvii
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Positive Psychology 1
Welcome to Positive Psychology 1
The Dimensions of Positive Psychology 2
The Scope of Positive Psychology 2
Basic Themes of Positive Psychology 3
The Good Life 3
Positive Emotions Are Important 3
People Can Flourish and Thrive 5
Compassion and Empathy Are Important 6
People Need Positive Social Relationships 7
Strengths and Virtues Are Important 7
Independence of Positive and Negative Emotions 8
Negative Emotions Are Still Important 8
The Science of Well-Being 9
A Short History of Well-Being in the Western World 9
Hedonism 10
The Early Hebrews 10
The Greeks 10
Early Christianity and the Middle Ages 13
The Renaissance to the Age of Enlightenment 15
Romanticism and the Nineteenth Century 16
The Twentieth Century 17
Lessons on Well-Being from History 19
Positive Psychology Today 20
Summary 21
v
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vi CONTENTS
Chapter 2 Foundations: Emotion, Motivation, and the
Nature of Well-Being 23
The Basic Emotions 23
The Components of Emotion 25
The Biology of Emotions 25
Cognition: How We Think Impacts How We Feel 28
Behavior: How We Act Influences How We Feel 28
Social and Cultural Influences on Emotions 31
Moods and Well-Being 32
Positive Psychology and Motivation 33
Early Theories of Motivation 33
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 33
Motivation and the Pursuit of Goals 34
Well-Being and Positive Emotion 37
The Broaden-and-Build Model 37
Emotional Intelligence 40
Definitions of Happiness and Well-Being 42
One-Dimensional Theories 42
Multidimensional Theories 44
Summary 48
Chapter 3 Subjective Well-Being 51
The Measurement of Subjective Well-Being 51
Self-Report Measures of Subjective Well-Being 52
The Stability of Subjective Well-Being 53
Why Is Happiness Important? 53
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theories 54
Top-Down Predictors of Subjective Well-Being 55
Cognition: Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty? 55
Positive Relationships with Other People 60
Personality Traits 60
Bottom-Up Predictors of Subjective Well-Being 62
Money, Income, and Wealth 62
Gender: Are Men or Women Happier? 65
Age: Is One Age Group Happier than Another? 66
Race, Education, Climate, and Politics 67
Bottom-Up Predictors and the “Happiest Man in America” 68
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CONTENTS vii
Cautionary Tales: The Down Side of Feeling Up 69
Increasing Happiness and Life Satisfaction 69
Intensity and Frequency of Positive Emotion 70
Strategies for Creating a Good Mood 71
Fordyce’s Happiness Training Program 71
Sustainable Happiness 72
Barbara Fredrickson’s Positivity 73
Hope Training 73
Comparing Interventions: Which Ones Work Better? 73
Maintaining Happiness 74
General Comments on Increasing Happiness 74
Summary 76
Chapter 4 Leisure, Flow, Mindfulness and Peak
Performance 79
Leisure 79
Leisure and Well-Being 79
What Turns an Activity into “Leisure”? 81
Flow and Optimal Experience 82
Definition of Flow 82
Characteristics of Flow 83
Contexts and Situations of Flow 85
Unique Qualities of Flow 86
Flow and Subjective Well-Being 86
Absorption and Curiosity 88
Comments on the Theory of Flow 89
Mindfulness 90
Ellen Langer’s Approach to Mindfulness 90
The Buddhist Approach to Mindfulness 91
Comparison Between Ellen Langer’s and Buddhist Styles of
Mindfulness 93
Savoring 94
Peak Performance 94
Peak Performance in Sports 96
Comments on Flow, Mindfulness, Savoring, and Peak
Performance 97
Summary 98
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viii CONTENTS
Chapter 5 Love and Well-Being 101
Genes, Hormones, and Marriage 101
Evolution and Love 101
The Biochemistry of Love 102
Marriage and Well-Being 102
The Varieties of Love 104
A Two-Factor Theory of Love 104
The Love Styles 104
Sternberg’s Love Triangle 105
Love as a Prototype or an Ideal 106
The Love Hierarchy 106
Finding Romance and Love 107
What Attracts Us to Someone? 107
Relationship Satisfaction: Why Do Caring Relationships Make Us
Feel Good? 108
Personality Traits 108
Communication 109
Relationship Stability: What Makes It Last? 111
What Does the Research Say about Stability? 112
Minding Relationships 112
Knowing and Being Known 113
Attributions 113
Acceptance and Respect 115
Reciprocity 115
Continuity 116
Positive Families 117
What Makes a Flourishing Family? 118
The Family Life Cycle 120
Social and Cultural Influences 121
What Hurts Relationships? 122
Conflict 122
The Demand-Withdraw Pattern and Stonewalling 123
How to Nurture Positive Relationships that Last 123
Summary 124
Chapter 6 Positive Health 127
Wellness 127
Positive Health 128
Vitality and Positive Health 128
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