Portuguese: An Essential Grammar

224 Pages·1996·1.32 MB·Portuguese

by  Amelia P. Hutchinson

PORTUGUESE: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE: AN
ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR
Amélia P Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd
London and New York
First published 1996
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© Amélia P.Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd 1996
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Hutchinson, Amélia P., 1949–
Portuguese: an essential grammar/Amélia P.Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd.
(Essential grammar)
Includes index.
1. Portuguese language—Grammar. 2. Portuguese language—Textbooks for foreign
speakers—English. I.Lloyd, Janet, 1968–. II. Title. III. Series.
PC5067.3.H88 1996
469.82′421—dc20 96–36
ISBN 0-203-97865-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-415-13707-1 (hbk)
0-415-13708-X (pbk)
CONTENTS
Foreword xii
How to use this book xiv
PART I: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR
1 Pronunciation and spelling 2
1.1 Vowels 2
1.2 Consonants 3
1.3 Diphthongs 5
1.4 Stress 6
1.5 Accents 7
2 Nouns 8
2.1 Gender I: masculine and feminine 8
2.2 Gender II: forming the feminine 10
2.3 Number: forming the plural 13
2.4 Diminutives and augmentatives 15
2.5 Compound nouns 18
2.6 Collective nouns 19
3 Articles 20
3.1 Definite article 20
3.2 Use of the definite article 20
3.3 Omission of the definite article 21
3.4 Contraction of the definite article 22
3.5 Indefinite article 23
3.6 Use of the indefinite article 24
v
3.7 Omission of the indefinite article 25
3.8 Contraction of the indefinite article 25
4 Adjectives 27
4.1 Gender 27
4.2 Number 29
4.3 Degree 30
4.4 Agreement 34
4.5 Position in the sentence 34
5 Pronouns 36
5.1 Personal pronouns 36
5.2 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 45
5.3 Demonstrative pronouns 45
5.4 Relative pronouns 49
5.5 Interrogative pronouns 51
5.6 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives 53
6 Numerals 56
6.1 Cardinal, ordinal and multiplicative numbers 56
6.2 Collective numerals 57
6.3 Use of the conjunction e with numerals 58
6.4 Roman numerals 58
7 Verbs 186
7.1 Moods and tenses 60
7.2 Indicative mood 61
7.3 Subjunctive mood 74
7.4 Imperative mood 80
7.5 Infinitive 81
7.6 Present Participle 82
7.7 Compound Infinitive and Compound Present Participle 83
7.8 Past Participle 83
vi
7.9 Passive voice 84
7.10 Auxiliary verbs 85
7.11 Impersonal, unipersonal and defective verbs 89
7.12 Reflexive verbs 90
7.13 Changing vowel sounds in verbal conjugation 91
8 Adverbs 93
8.1 Uses of the adverb 93
8.2 Adverbs in -mente 94
8.3 Other adverbs 95
8.4 Position 95
8.5 Degree 96
9 Conjunctions 97
9.1 Co-ordinating conjunctions 97
9.2 Subordinating conjunctions 99
10 Prepositions 102
10.1 Prepositions 102
10.2 Prepositional phrases 102
10.3 Contraction of preposition+article or pronoun 103
10.4 Verbs followed by a preposition 103
11 Additional notes on Portuguese usage 105
11.1 Gente/a gente 105
11.2 Tudo/todo 105
11.3 Por/para 106
11.4 A/para 107
11.5 Desde…até/de…a 107
11.6 Próximo/seguinte 108
11.7 Tão/tanto 108
11.8 Affirmative/negative 108
11.9 Ainda/já 109
vii
11.10 Prepositions of time 109
11.11 Prepositions with means of transport 110
11.12 Word order 110
11.13 Ser/estar 114
PART II: LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
12 Socializing 116
12.1 General greetings 116
12.2 Taking leave 117
12.3 Greeting/taking leave according to time of day 118
12.4 Attracting attention 119
12.5 Seasonal greetings 121
12.6 Personal greetings 121
12.7 Congratulations 121
12.8 Good wishes 121
12.9 Introductions 122
12.10 Forms of address 122
12.11 Talking about one’s health 126
12.12 Places and locations 128
12.13 Talking about the weather 130
13 Exchanging factual information 132
13.1 Identifying people 132
13.2 Identifying things 134
13.3 Asking for information 135
13.4 Reporting, describing and narrating 136
13.5 Letter writing 139
13.6 Correcting assumptions 142
14 Getting things done 144
14.1 Suggesting a course of action 144
14.2 Offering to do something 144
viii
14.3 Requesting others to do something 145
14.4 Inviting others to do something 145
14.5 Asking for and giving advice 146
14.6 Warning others 147
14.7 Instructing others to do/not to do something 147
14.8 Requesting assistance 148
14.9 Stating and finding out whether something is compulsory 148
14.10 Seeking, giving, refusing permission 149
14.11 Expressing and finding out about need 149
14.12 Enquiring and expressing intention, want or desire 150
15 Finding out and expressing intellectual attitudes 151
15.1 Agreement and disagreement 151
15.2 Knowing something or someone 152
15.3 Remembering something or someone 153
15.4 Possibility and impossibility 154
15.5 Logical conclusions 155
15.6 Incomprehension and clarification 156
15.7 Certainty and uncertainty 157
16 Judgement and evaluation 158
16.1 Expressing pleasure or liking 158
16.2 Expressing displeasure or dislike 159
16.3 Enquiring about pleasure/displeasure, liking/dislike 159
16.4 Enquiring and expressing interest/lack of interest 160
16.5 Expressing surprise 161
16.6 Expressing hope 162
16.7 Enquiring about and expressing satisfaction/ 162
dissatisfaction
16.8 Expressing disappointment 163
16.9 Enquiring about and expressing worry or fear 163
16.10 Enquiring about and expressing preference 164
ix
16.11 Expressing gratitude 165
16.12 Expressing sympathy 165
16.13 Expressing happiness and unhappiness 166
16.14 Apologizing 166
16.15 Enquiring about and expressing approval/ disapproval 167
16.16 Expressing appreciation 168
16.17 Expressing regret 168
16.18 Expressing indifference 169
16.19 Accusing 170
16.20 Enquiring about and expressing capability/ incapability 170
PART III: BRAZILIAN VARIANTS
1–11 Brazilian essential grammar
B1 Pronunciation and spelling 173
B1.1 Vowels 175
B1.1.1 Oral vowels 175
B1.2 Consonants 175
B1.3 Diphthongs 176
B1.3.2 Nasal diphthongs 176
B2 Nouns 177
B2.4 Diminutives and augmentatives 177
B2.4.1 Diminutives 177
B2.4.3 Preferred diminutives 177
B3 Articles 178
B3.2 Use of the definite article 178
B3.2.1 With first names 178
B3.2.2 With titles 178
B3.2.5 Before possessive adjectives 178
B4 Adjectives 179
B4.3 Degree 30