Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism

256 Pages·2018·24.34 MB·English

by  Graham C Burdge (ed.)

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY
ACID METABOLISM
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POLYUNSATURATED
FATTY ACID
METABOLISM
Edited by
Graham C. Burdge
Academic Press and AOCS Press
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Contents
List of Contributors ix
1. Introduction: More Than 50 Years of Research on Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acid Metabolism
ANDREW J. SINCLAIR
References 9
2. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism
in Adult Mammals
GRAHAM C. BURDGE
Introduction 15
Partitioning of EFAs Towards β-oxidation and Carbon Recycling 17
Conversation of EFAs to VLCPUFA 18
Alternative Pathways for VLCPUFA Biosynthesis 20
Retroconversion of VLCPUFA 21
Conversion of EFAs to VLCPUFA in Males 22
Conversion of EFAs to VLCPUFA in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Females 24
References 26
3. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Fish
OSCAR MONROIG, DOUGLAS R. TOCHER, LUÍS FILIPE C. CASTRO
Introduction 31
PUFA Metabolism and Tissue Fatty Acid Compositions 34
LC-PUFA Biosynthesis in Fish 36
Metabolic roles of PUFA and LC-PUFA 47
Conclusions 49
References 49
4. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism
in Agriculturally Important Species
MICHAEL E.R. DUGAN, CLETOS MAPIYE, PAYAM VAHMANI
Introduction 61
Precursors for PUFA synthesis 62
PUFA Biosynthesis 63
References 80

v
vi CONTENTS
5. The Biochemistry and Regulation of Fatty Acid Desaturases
in Animals
WOO JUNG PARK
Introduction 87
Desaturases and Unsaturated Fatty Acids 88
Biotechnology and Desaturases in Animals 95
References 95
6. Biochemistry and Regulation of Elongases 2 and 5 in Mammals
GRAHAM C. BURDGE
Introduction 101
Fatty Acid Elongation 102
The Functions of the Condensing Enzyme 102
Regulation of ELOVL2 and 5 Expression 105
References 106
7. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Nutritional
Requirements in Pregnancy and Infancy
BEVERLY S. MUHLHAUSLER, CARMEL T. COLLINS, JACQUELINE F. GOULD, KAREN P. BEST,
GABRIELA E. LEGHI
Introduction 112
Part 1: N-3 LCPUFA in Pregnancy 113
Role of N-3 LCPUFA in Maternal and Infant Outcomes 113
N-3 LCPUFA During Pregnancy and Infant/Child Outcomes 115
Determinants of Fetal DHA/EPA Status 119
Role of N-3 LCPUFA in Early Infancy 125
Relationship between Maternal Intakes of DHA/EPA in Pregnancy, Breast milk
Fatty Acid Concentrations, and Infant DHA/EPA Status 126
Changes in Fatty Acid Composition of Human Milk Across Lactation 127
Current Recommendations of DHA and EPA Intakes in Lactating Women From
National and International Health Agencies 128
References 130
8. Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Cells of the
Immune System
PHILIP C. CALDER
Introduction 136
Use of (Polyunsaturated) Fatty Acids as Fuels by Cells of the Immune System 137
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis by Cells of the Immune System 139
Activation of Lymphocytes induces Changes in their Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acid Content and Activates Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 140
Incorporation of Exogenous Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into Cells of the
Immune System 141
CONTENTS vii
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Substrates for the Synthesis of Bioactive Lipid
Mediators by Cells of the Immune System 145
Summary, Discussion, and Conclusions 150
References 151
9. Polyunsaturated Fatty Biosynthesis and Metabolism in
Reproductive Tissues
D. CLAIRE WATHES, ZHANGRUI CHENG
General Introduction 157
Mechanisms of Action 158
Problems of Interpretation 159
Placental Transfer 160
Male Fertility 163
Uterine Activity 167
Conclusions 173
References 173
10. The Effect of Dietary Modification on Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism
BEVERLY S. MUHLHAUSLER
Introduction 181
PUFA Metabolism 182
Regulation of PUFA metabolism 182
Summary and Conclusion 190
References 190
11. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in
Vegetarians
GRAHAM C. BURDGE, CHRISTIANI J. HENRY
Introduction 193
EPA and DHA Status in Vegetarians and Vegans 194
Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA in Vegetarians 201
Conclusions 203
References 204
12. Genetic Influences on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
and Metabolism
COLETTE O’ NEILL, ANNE M. MINIHANE
Introduction 207
DNA and Genetic Variability 208
PUFA Bioconversion and the Fatty Acid Desaturase (FADS) Genotype 209
Impact of FADS Genotype on PUFA Status 211
viii CONTENTS
Impact of FADS Genotype on Cardiovascular and Other Health Outcomes 216
Impact of Other Genotypes on PUFA Status 217
Genotype (Cox, Lox, Cyp450, and so on) and the Production of Bioactive Lipids 218
Summary and Conclusion 219
References 220
13. Interactions Between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
and the Epigenome
KAREN A. LILLYCROP, GRAHAM C. BURDGE
Introduction 225
The Effect of PUFA Intake During Human Pregnancy on the Epigenome of the
Offspring 230
The Effect of PUFA Intake on the Epigenome of Children and Adult Humans 231
Possible Mechanisms 233
Conclusions 235
References 236
Index 241
List of Contributors
Karen P. Best Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian
Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
Graham C. Burdge University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Philip C. Calder University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Luís Filipe C. Castro CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and
Environmental Research, U. Porto – University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Zhangrui Cheng Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts,
United Kingdom
Carmel T. Collins Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South
Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Michael E.R. Dugan Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research
Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada
Jacqueline F. Gould Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South
Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Christiani J. Henry Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Centre for Translational
Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Gabriela E. Leghi FOODplus Research Centre, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
Karen A. Lillycrop Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton,
Southampton, United Kingdom
Cletos Mapiye Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
Stellenbosch, South Africa
Anne M. Minihane University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Oscar Monroig University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Beverly S. Muhlhausler FOODplus Research Centre, The University of
Adelaide; Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian
Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
Colette O’ Neill Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research,
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Woo Jung Park Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon,
The Republic of Korea
Andrew J. Sinclair Deakin University, Geelong; South China University
of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria,
Australia
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