Table Of ContentPOLYMERS FOR 3D PRINTING
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POLYMERS FOR 3D
PRINTING
METHODS, PROPERTIES, AND
CHARACTERISTICS
Edited by
Joanna Izdebska-Podsiadły
Department ofPrinting Technology,
Faculty ofMechanical and Industrial Engineering,
Warsaw University ofTechnology, Warsaw,Poland
WilliamAndrewisanimprintofElsevier
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CoverDesigner:GregHarris
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Contents
Contributors ix 4. Materials for 3D printing
Reviewers’ names xi
JOANNAIZDEBSKA-PODSIADŁY
Acknowledgment xiii
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Liquid polymers e photopolymer resins,
I binders, and viscous ink 36
4.3 Polymer powders 38
Introduction to 3D printing
4.4 Filaments and wires 40
4.5 Pelletsand recycledmaterials 41
1. History of the development of additive
4.6 Polymeric sheets and films 42
polymer technologies
4.7 Polymer compositesand nanocomposites 42
JOANNAIZDEBSKA-PODSIADŁY 4.8 Biopolymers, hydrogels,and smart materials 44
4.9 Conclusions 45
1.1 Introductionto additivemanufacturing 3
References 46
1.2 The origins of additive manufacturing 4
1.3 Dynamicdevelopment ofadditive 5. Application of 3D printing
manufacturing andnext-generationmachines
JOANNAIZDEBSKA-PODSIADŁY
from 2000to 2010 7
1.4 Contemporary additivemanufacturing 8 5.1 Introduction 51
1.5 Summary 10 5.2 Main applications of3D printing 51
References 10 5.3 Main AM technologies andtheirapplications 59
5.4 Conclusions 59
2. The concept of 3D printing
References 60
JOANNAIZDEBSKA-PODSIADŁY
II
2.1 Concept ofadditive manufacturing 13
3D Printing methods
2.2 3D modeling 14
2.3 Designrules for additivemanufacturing 15
2.4 Preparing afile for printing 19 6. Vat photopolymerization
2.5 Summary 20 GOJKOVLADIC(cid:1),BOJANBANJANIN,NEMANJA
References 21 KAS(cid:3)IKOVIC(cid:1) ANDZ(cid:3)IVKOPAVLOVIC(cid:1)
3. Classification of 3D printing methods 6.1 Introduction 65
6.2 Brief historicaloverview 66
JOANNAIZDEBSKA-PODSIADŁY
6.3 Stereolithography apparatus 67
3.1 Classification ofadditivemanufacturing 6.4 Digitallightprocessing 69
processes 23 6.5 Digitallightsynthesis 70
3.2 Brief description of additive manufacturing 6.6 Liquid crystaldisplay(3D printing) 70
processes 24 6.7 Two-photon photopolymerization 71
3.3 Comparison ofkey techniques 29 6.8 Top-down and bottom-up approaches to3D
3.4 Market share ofeach technologyand printer construction 71
forecast 31 6.9 Support structure 72
3.5 Summary 32 6.10 Advantages anddisadvantagesof vat photo-
References 32 polymerizationprocesses 72
v
vi
Contents
6.11 Applications ofvat photopolymerization 73 11. Sheet lamination
6.12 Conclusion 74 ANAPILIPOVIC(cid:1)
References 74
11.1 Introduction 127
7. Material extrusion
11.2 Sheet lamination systems 128
MACIEJCADERANDWOJCIECHKIN(cid:1)SKI 11.3 Advantages and disadvantages ofsheet lami-
nation process 133
7.1 Method introduction 75 11.4 Applications ofsheet lamination
7.2 Machines/available processes 134
equipment 78 11.5 Concluding remarksand future insight 135
7.3 Polymers in materialextrusion 81 References 135
7.4 Software and executors file 82
7.5 Postprocessing 83 12. Direct energy deposition 137
7.6 Typical problems 83
CHANDRIKAPALANDANANDKRISHNAMOORTHY
7.7 Advantages anddisadvantages 85
7.8 Technology applications 86 12.1 Introduction 137
7.9 Final considerations/concludingremarks and 12.2 Polymer DED technology 138
future insight 86 12.3 Advantages and disadvantages ofpolymer
References 89 DED technology 139
12.4 Applications ofpolymerDED technology 140
8. Material jetting
12.5 Concluding remarksand future insight 141
KATARZYNAPIŁCZYN(cid:1)SKA References 141
8.1 Multijetprintingedescriptionoftechnology 91 III
8.2 PolyJet modelinge description oftechnology 94
Polymers used in 3D printingdproperties
8.3 Materials 98
and attributes
8.4 Advantages anddisadvantages 101
8.5 Concluding remarksand future insight 101
References 103 13. Photopolymers for 3D printing
BLESSYJOSEPH,RUBIEM.SAM,ABHIMANYUTHARAYIL,
9. Powder bed fusion
V.K.SAGARIKA,NANDAKUMARKALARIKKALAND
SABUTHOMAS
DOMINIKWYSZYNSKIANDMARCINGRABOWSKI
9.1 Method introduction 105 13.1 Introduction 145
9.2 SLS systems 108 13.2 Processing techniquesofphotopolymers 146
13.3 Characteristicsand properties of
9.3 Advantages anddisadvantagesof powder bed
fusion 109 photopolymers 148
9.4 Materials for powder bed fusion 110 13.4 Applications 150
9.5 Concluding remarksand future insight 110 13.5 Bio-based photopolymers 152
References 112 13.6 Opportunities and challenges 152
References 153
10. Binder jetting
14. Polymers in printing filaments
JORGELINOALVES,LEONARDOSANTANAANDEDWIN
M.OCAN˜AGARZO´N DIANAGREGOR-SVETEC
10.1 Method introduction 113 14.1 3D printingfilamentse introduction 155
10.2 Advantages and disadvantages 115 14.2 Commodity polymers 156
10.3 Technology applications 116 14.3 Engineeringpolymers 176
10.4 Binder Jetting machines 121 14.4 High-performance polymers 212
10.5 Binder Jetting 3D printing andpolymers 14.5 Polymer composites 230
materials 121 14.6 Final considerations 251
10.6 Final considerations 122 References 252
References 123 Further reading 269
Images 269
vii
Contents
15. Polymer powders 18.3 Applications 339
18.4 Polymersfor 3D bioprinting 340
TOMASZKOZIOR
18.5 Final considerations 347
15.1 Powders eintroduction 271 References 347
15.2 Polyamide powders 277
15.3 Polyetherketoneketonereinforced with
IV
carbonfibers 301
15.4 Thermoplastic elastomer 302 Polymer market in 3D printing
15.5 Polystyrene 303
15.6 Polypropylene 304 19. Global market structure
15.7 Polyphenylene sulfide 304
BOJANBANJANIN,GOJKOVLADIC(cid:1),SAVKAADAMOVIC(cid:1)
15.8 Conclusions 305
ANDGORDANABOS(cid:3)NJAKOVIC(cid:1)
References 305
19.1 Introduction 353
16. Plastic pellets
19.2 3D printing global value chains 353
NARENDRAKUMAR,PIYUSHD.UKEY,VISHALFRANCIS, 19.3 Presence of3D printingtechniques on the
RAVIPRATAPSINGHANDSONIKASAHU global market 355
19.4 Presence of3D printingmaterials on the
16.1 Necessityof pellet-based 3D printing 307
global market 357
16.2 Introductionandclassificationofpolymerpellets 307
19.5 Currentstateofpolymer3Dprintingmaterial
16.3 Pellet feeding methods for 3D printing 314
manufacturersandservices 358
16.4 3D printersfor pellets 316
19.6 Current market presence ofbio-based
16.5 Processofcreatingpelletsfrompolymerwaste 317
polymers 361
16.6 Compounding ofpolymerpelletsfor
19.7 Innovative approaches and novelties in
improved material properties 319
materialproduction 362
16.7 Summary 321
19.8 Major challenges for polymerin 3D
References 322
printing 363
17. Films for sheet lamination 19.9 Conclusions 364
References 364
ANAPILIPOVIC(cid:1)
20. 3D printing trends and perspectives
17.1 Introduction 325
17.2 Poly(vinylchloride) 325 JORGELINOALVESANDLEONARDOSANTANA
17.3 Polymer composites 331
20.1 Introduction 369
17.4 Environmentalimpact with the respect to
20.2 Construction industry 370
materials and SHL process 333
20.3 Food 374
17.5 Conclusion 334
20.4 Bio 375
References 334
20.5 Composites 377
18. Polymers for 3D bioprinting 20.6 Smart polymers 378
20.7 Final considerations 380
BEATAKUCHARSKA References 380
18.1 Introduction 337
Index 385
18.2 Properties and requirements for bioprinted
polymers 337
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Contributors
SavkaAdamovi(cid:1)c DepartmentofGraphicEngineeringand NarendraKumar Dr.B.R.AmbedkarNationalInstituteof
Design,FacultyofTechnicalSciences, UniversityofNovi Technology,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
Sad,NoviSad,Serbia EdwinM.Ocan˜aGarzo´n Universidad delasFuerzas
JorgeLinoAlves Faculty ofEngineering, Universityof Armadas-ESPE,Sangolqu´ı,Ecuador
Porto,Porto,Portugal ChandrikaPal DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,
BojanBanjanin DepartmentofGraphicEngineeringand KwangwoonUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
Design,FacultyofTechnicalSciences, UniversityofNovi Z(cid:3)ivkoPavlovi(cid:1)c DepartmentofGraphicEngineeringand
Sad,NoviSad,Serbia Design,Faculty ofTechnical Sciences,UniversityofNovi
GordanaBo(cid:3)snjakovi(cid:1)c DepartmentofGraphicEngineering Sad,NoviSad,Serbia
andDesign,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,University of KatarzynaPiłczyn(cid:1)ska Department ofPrinting Technology,
NoviSad, NoviSad, Serbia FacultyofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,Warsaw
MaciejCader ŁukasiewiczResearchNetwork, PIAP UniversityofTechnology,Warsaw,Poland
Institute,Warsaw,Poland AnaPilipovi(cid:1)c FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringandNaval
VishalFrancis LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara, Architecture,UniversityofZagreb,Zagreb,Croatia
Punjab,India V.K.Sagarika IndianInstituteofScience, Educationand
MarcinGrabowski CracowUniversityofTechnology, Research,Tirupathi,AndhraPradesh,India
Cracow,Poland SonikaSahu IndianInstitute ofTechnology,Roorkee,
DianaGregor-Svetec FacultyofNaturalSciences and Uttarakhand,India
Engineering,University ofLjubljana,Ljubljana,Slovenia RubieM.Sam InternationalandInterUniversityCentrefor
JoannaIzdebska-Podsiadły DepartmentofPrinting NanoscienceandNanotechnology,MahatmaGandhi
Technology,FacultyofMechanicalandIndustrial University,Kottayam,Kerala,India
Engineering,WarsawUniversity ofTechnology,Warsaw, LeonardoSantana FederalUniversity ofSantaCatarina
Poland (UFSC),Floriano´polis,Brazil
BlessyJoseph InternationalandInterUniversity Centrefor RaviPratapSingh Dr.B.R.AmbedkarNationalInstituteof
NanoscienceandNanotechnology,MahatmaGandhi
Technology,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
University,Kottayam,Kerala,India
AbhimanyuTharayil SchoolofEnergyMaterials,Mahatma
NandakumarKalarikkal InternationalandInter University
GandhiUniversity,Kottayam, Kerala,India
CentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,Mahatma
SabuThomas InternationalandInterUniversity Centrefor
GandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,India
NanoscienceandNanotechnology,MahatmaGandhi
NemanjaKa(cid:3)sikovi(cid:1)c DepartmentofGraphicEngineering
University,Kottayam,Kerala,India;SchoolofEnergy
andDesign,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,University of
Materials,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,
NoviSad, NoviSad, Serbia India
WojciechKin(cid:1)ski ŁukasiewiczResearchNetwork, PIAP PiyushD.Ukey Dr.B.R.AmbedkarNationalInstitute of
Institute,Warsaw,Poland
Technology,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
TomaszKozior Department ofManufacturing Technology GojkoVladi(cid:1)c DepartmentofGraphicEngineeringand
andMetrology,Faculty ofMechatronicsandMechanical
Design,Faculty ofTechnical Sciences,UniversityofNovi
Engineering,KielceUnivesityofTechnology,Kielce,Poland Sad,NoviSad,Serbia
AnandKrishnamoorthy DepartmentofBasicSciences, DominikWyszynski CracowUniversity ofTechnology,
AmalJyothi CollegeofEngineering, Kanjirapally,Kerala,
Cracow,Poland
India
BeataKucharska FacultyofMaterials Sciencesand
Technology,WarsawUniversityofTechnology,Warsaw,
Poland
ix
