Planning the American Indian Reservation: From Theory to Empowerment

371 Pages·2015·3.582 MB·English

by  Nicholas Christos Zaferatos

Planning the American Indian Reservation

Planning the
American Indian
Reservation
From Theory to Empowerment
Nicholas Christos Zaferatos
Foreword by
Brian Cladoosby

Syracuse University Press
Copyright © 2015 by Syracuse University Press
Syracuse, New York 13244-5290
All Rights Reserved
First Edition 2015
15 16 17 18 19 20 6 5 4 3 2 1
Figures, photographs, and tables are provided by Nicholas C. Zaferatos unless otherwise
noted. Portions of this book were derived from the author’s previously published articles
in “Tribal Nations, Local Governments, and Regional Pluralism in Washington State: Th e
Swinomish Approach in the Skagit Valley,” 2004, Journal of the American Planning Associa-
tion, (Winter) 70 (1): 81–96; “Planning the Native American Tribal Community: Under-
standing the Basis of Power Controlling the Reservation Territory,” 1998, Journal of the
American Planning Association, 64 (4): 395–410; “Developing an Eff ective Approach to Stra-
tegic Planning for Native American Indian Reservations,” 2004, Space and Polity, (Winter)
8 (1), by permission of the publisher © 2012 Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandf.co.uk
/journals; “Appropriate Technologies in the Traditional Native American Smokehouse:
Public Health Considerations in Tribal Community Development,” Nicholas C. Zafera-
tos and Mary Ellen Flanagan, 2001, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 12 (3):
69–93, by permission of the American Indian Studies Center, UCLA © 1996 Regents of the
University of California; and “Environmental Justice in Indian Country: Dumpsite Reme-
diation on the Swinomish Indian Reservation,” 2006, Environmental Management, 38 (6):
896–909, by permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media.
∞ Th e paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
For a listing of books published and distributed by Syracuse University Press,
visit www.SyracuseUniversityPress.syr.edu.
ISBN: 978-0-8156-3393-8 (cloth) 978-0-8156-5318-9 (e-book)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zaferatos, Nicholas C. (Nicholas Christos)
Planning the American Indian reservation : from theory to empowerment / Nicholas
Christos Zaferatos ; foreword by Brian Cladoosby. — First edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8156-3393-8 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8156-5318-9 (e-book)
1. Indian reservations—United States. 2. Indians of North America—Government
relations—1934– 3. Indians of North America—Politics and government. 4. Tribal
government—United States. I. Title.
E93.Z34 2015
323.1197—dc23 2014047740

Manufactured in the United States of America
Nicholas Christos Zaferatos, PhD, AICP, is a professor of urban planning and
sustainable development at Huxley College of the Environment, Western Wash-
ington University. His teaching emphasis in urban planning, sustainable devel-
opment, Native American planning, and environmental policy complements his
regional and international teaching and research interests. Since 2005, Dr. Zafera-
tos has directed several Mediterranean teaching and research programs in sustain-
able development. He directed the Kefalonia Program in Sustainable Community
Development (Greece) and currently serves as director for the Sustainable Ithaca
Program (Greece). Professor Zaferatos also serves as the president and CEO of A
World Institute for a Sustainable Humanity—Hellas, a not-for-profi t organization
promoting sustainable community development in the Mediterranean region. His
professional practice in urban planning spans over thirty-fi ve years and includes
planning and executive positions and civic appointments on planning boards and
commissions with local, regional, and Native American governments.

Contents

List of Illustrations ix

List of Tables xi

Foreword, brian cl adoos by xiii

Preface xvii

1. Introduction and Overview: Th e Work of Tribal Planning 1
Part One. Th e Setting for Native American Reservation Planning
2. An Overview of Federal Indian Policy and the Evolution

of the Tribal Political Community 13

3. Th e Context of Tribal Sovereignty 35

4. Th e Tribal Cultural Community 72
Part Two. Th eories and Models Empowering Tribal Planning

5. Th e Tribal Political Economy and Its Underdevelopment 95

6. Identifying Oppositional Forces in Tribal Planning 123
Part Th ree. Th e Dimensions of Tribal Planning

7. An Adaptive and Contingent Model of Tribal Planning 145

Part Four. Case Studies in Mediating Tribal Planning Relationships

8. Mediating Tribal-State Confl icts

Experiences from Washington State 165

9. Regional Pluralism: Th e Skagit Valley Experience 209

10. Appropriate Technologies and the

Native American Smokehouse 237
viii | Contents
11. Environmental Justice on the Swinomish

Indian Reservation 262

12. Conclusion 287

Acknowledgments 295

appendix 1: Federal Court Decisions 297

appendix 2: Federal Statutes 301

References 309

Index 329
Illustrations
1. Alienation of the tribal political community 109
2. Modifi ed Indian alienation model 110
3. Pre-alienation model 111
4. Post-alienation model 111
5. Model of tribal political action 149
6. Th e dimensions of tribal planning 153
7. Tribal community development planning framework 159
8. Ceded territories of western Washington State 169
9. Tribal planning model depicting the negotiative approach 208
10. Swinomish Indian Reservation and surrounding region 211
11. Aerial view, Swinomish Indian Reservation 216
12. Tribal planning model illustrating the Swinomish tribe’s
strategic approach 235
13. Exterior view, Swinomish Indian smokehouse 238
14. Ceremonial room interior and upper bleacher seating area 241
15. Main ceremonial room air quality test sampling locations 245
16. Interior roof in ceremonial room showing smoke hole 246

17. Smoke dispersion from a cooler fi re mixed with ambient

room air 252

18. Installation of air infl ow pipe and fi re pit vault 254

19. Ceremonial room showing test fi re 258
20. Relating the smokehouse experience to the tribal

planning model 260
21. Superfund excavation of PM Northwest site in progress 283
22. Correlating environmental justice to the tribal planning model 285

ix