Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions

157 Pages·2006·1.11 MB·English

Fachgebiet Verkehrsplanung

und Verkehrstechnik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Boltze

Institut für Verkehr
Fachbereich 13

Bauingenieurwesen
und Geodäsie

Planning of land-use developments and
transport systems in airport regions

Vom Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen und Geodäsie
der Technischen Universität Darmstadt
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.)
genehmigte Dissertation.

Vorgelegt von
M.RP. Panit Pujinda
aus Bangkok, Thailand.

Referent: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Boltze

Korreferent: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans Reiner Böhm

Tag der Einreichung: 2. November 2005
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 31. Januar 2006

Darmstadt 2006
D 17
Herausgeber:
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Fachgebiet Verkehrsplanung und Verkehrstechnik
Petersenstraße 30
64287 Darmstadt
www.tu-darmstadt.de/verkehr
[email protected]

Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Verkehr
Fachgebiet Verkehrsplanung und Verkehrstechnik
Heft V 17
ISSN 1613-8317
Darmstadt 2006
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions i
Kurzfassung
Die enge Korrelation in der Entwicklung neuer Flächennutzungen und
Verkehrssysteme ermöglicht und erfordert die Verknüpfung und Integration beider
Planungsstränge. Am Beispiel der Auswirkungen von Flächennutzungsänderungen
auf die Verkehrsinfrastruktur wird deutlich, dass formelle Planungsinstrumente
schnell an ihre Grenzen stoßen und eine effiziente Integration von Flächennutzungs-
und Verkehrsinfrastrukturplanung in Flughafenregionen nicht möglich ist. Flughäfen
sind als strategische Instrumente einer erfolgreichen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung auf
regionalen bis internationalem Niveau anerkannt. Folglich kann die Entwicklung der
Verkehrsinfrastruktur in Flughafenregionen nicht losgelöst von der Entwicklung der
Flächennutzungen betrachtet werden. In diesem komplexen Spannungsfeld werden
informelle Planungsverfahren ergänzend eingesetzt, um bestehenden Mängeln und
Defiziten formeller Verfahren vorzubeugen.

Basierend auf einer Analyse von sieben Fallstudien in drei Flughafenregionen in
Nordwesteuropa kann gefolgert werden, dass formelle und informelle Verfahren
wichtige Planungsinstrumente für die Erreichung wesentlicher Ziele einer integrierten
Planung von Flächennutzung und Verkehrssystemen sind. Mithilfe einer
angepassten Verteilung auf und einer umfassenden Koordinierung zwischen
formellen und informellen Verfahrensschritten können Konflikte zwischen
unterschiedlichen Interessen vermieden, Zeit- und Kostenvorteile erzielt und eine
verbesserte Effizienz des Gesamtprozesses erzielt werden.

Abstract
Since transport and land-use are closely interrelated, an integrative approach for
land-use and transport planning should be adopted. In the case of impacts of land-
use development projects on transport system in airport regions, Formal planning
procedures alone are not able to create the efficient integration of land-use and
transport in airport regions. Airports are recognised as strategic instruments for the
development of local and regional economics and stimulation of their
competitiveness at the continental and global levels. Therefore, the development of
transport infrastructures and of land-use and airport regions cannot be looked at
separately. In such complex situations, informal planning procedures are nominated
as a supplementary to fulfil the deficiencies of formal planning procedures.

Based on the analysis of seven case studies in three airport regions in North Western
Europe, it can be concluded that both formal and informal procedures are important
planning instruments for achieving goals of integrated planning of land-use and
transport in airport regions. By the appropriate division of responsibilities and suitable
co-ordinations between formal and informal procedures, high efficiency of enabling
high-quality results, avoiding conflicts among stakeholders, and optimising cost
effectiveness and time efficiency would be accomplished.
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions ii
Content

Executive Summary xi

1. Interrelation of Land-Use and Transport
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Integrated Planning of Land-Use and Transport 4
1.3. Specific Needs of Airport Regions 5
1.4. Statement of the Problem 7
1.5. Objectives of the Study 8
1.6. Methodology of the Study 8

2. Procedures for Integrated Planning
2.1. Introduction 11
2.2. Planning Procedures 11
2.2.1. General Information 11
2.2.2. Formal Planning Procedure 13
2.2.3. Informal Planning Procedure 15
2.2.4. Interrelation of Formal and Informal Procedures 17
2.3. Applications in Airport Regions 17
2.3.1. General Information 17
2.3.2. Addressed Projects 18
2.3.3. Goals of Projects in Airport Regions 24
2.3.4. Goals, Objectives, and Requirements on Planning
Procedures for Integrated Planning of Land-Use
and Transport 24

3. Selection of Case Studies
3.1. Introduction 27
3.2. Selected Airport Regions and Projects 27
3.2.1. Selection of Airport Regions 27
3.2.2. Selection of Projects 28
3.3. Basic Information on the Planning Systems 35
3.3.1. The Netherlands 35
3.3.2. Germany 38
3.3.3. Switzerland 43
3.4. Case Study Descriptions 45
3.4.1. Fifth Runway Project at the Amsterdam Airport 45
3.4.2. Amsterdam Zuid-As 49
3.4.3. Fourth Runway Project at the Frankfurt Airport 52
3.4.4. AirRail Center Frankfurt 56
3.4.5. Europa-Viertel 59
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions iii
3.4.6. Fifth Expansion Project at the Zurich Airport 62
3.4.7. Zentrum Zürich Nord 66
3.5. Case Studies Analysis 68

4. Assessment of Planning Procedures
4.1. Introduction 71
4.2. Assessment Methods 71
4.2.1. Goals, Objectives, and Requirements on the
Assessment Process 72
4.2.2. Available Assessment Methods 73
4.2.3. Criteria for Selecting the Assessment Method 76
4.2.4. Results 76
4.3. Criteria and Indicators for the Assessment 77
4.4. Information Collection 82
4.4.1. Selection Criteria 82
4.4.2. Questionnaires 85
4.5. Assessment of Particular Projects 89
4.5.1. Fifth Runway Project at the Amsterdam Airport 89
4.5.2. Amsterdam Zuid-As 92
4.5.3. Fourth Runway Project at the Frankfurt Airport 94
4.5.4. AirRail Center Frankfurt 97
4.5.5. Europa-Viertel 100
4.5.6. Fifth Expansion Project at the Zurich Airport 103
4.5.7. Zentrum Zürich Nord 106
4.6. Assessment of Project Locations 108
4.6.1. Projects in Airport Areas 108
4.6.2. Projects in Airport Cities 109
4.6.3. Projects in Airport Regions 109
4.7. Results from the Assessment Process 112
4.7.1. To enable high-quality results 112
4.7.2. To Avoid Conflicts among Stakeholders 114
4.7.3. To Optimise Cost Effectiveness and Time Efficiency 115

5. Recommendations
5.1. Introduction 117
5.2. Recommendations and Guidelines 117
5.2.1. Identification of Principle Concepts of the Project 119
5.2.2. Preliminary Evaluation 119
5.2.3. Evaluation of the Existing Formal Procedure 119
5.2.4. Determination of the Project 119
5.2.5. Identification of Goals 120
5.2.6. Identification of Conflicts 121
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions iv
5.2.7. Identification of Participants 121
5.2.8. Processing of Discussion and Negotiation 122
5.2.9. Investigation of Impacts 123
5.2.10. Formulation of Results 124
5.2.11. Production of Reports 125
5.3. Evaluation of the Proposed Planning Procedure 126
5.4. Validity and Limitation 129

References 131

Appendix 140
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions v
Lists of Figure

Figure 1 Land-use and transport interaction 1
Figure 2 Interrelations of land-use and transport 2
Figure 3 Land-use transport feedback cycle 3
Figure 4 Co-ordination and integration of land-use and transport
planning 4
Figure 5 Conceptual framework of the study 10
Figure 6 Linked factors for designing procedures for integrated
planning 12
Figure 7 Formal planning procedure 14
Figure 8 Informal planning procedure 16
Figure 9 Areas and projects in Airport Regions 18
Figure 10 Need for procedures for integrated planning of land-use
and transport from the viewpoint of airports 21
Figure 11 Goal system 23
Figure 12 Goals, objectives and requirements on procedures for
integrated planning of land-use and transport 25
Figure 13 Distance from airports to city centres 28
Figure 14 Areas and projects in Amsterdam Region 31
Figure 15 Areas and projects in Frankfurt Region 32
Figure 16 Areas and projects in Zurich Region 34
Figure 17 Planning system in Germany 40
Figure 18 Registration approval process of a large public project 42
Figure 19 Procedures for the fifth runway project at the
Amsterdam Airport 48
Figure 20 Procedures for Amsterdam Zuid-As 51
Figure 21 Procedures for the fourth runway project at the
Frankfurt Airport 54
Figure 22 Procedures for AirRail Center Frankfurt 58
Figure 23 Procedures for Europa-Viertel 61
Figure 24 Procedures for the fifth runway project at the Zurich
Airport 64
Figure 25 Procedures for Zentrum Zürich Nord 67
Figure 26 Goal, objectives, and requirements of the assessment
process 73
Figure 27 Efficiency of the procedures for the fifth runway project
at the Amsterdam Airport 91
Figure 28 Efficiency of the procedures for Amsterdam Zuid-As 94
Figure 29 Efficiency of the procedures for the fourth runway
project at the Frankfurt Airport 96
Figure 30 Efficiency of the procedures for AirRail Center Frankfurt 99
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions vi
Figure 31 Efficiency of the procedures for Europa-Viertel 102
Figure 32 Efficiency of the procedures for the fifth expansion
project at the Zurich Airport 105
Figure 33 Efficiency of the procedures for Zentrum Zürich Nord 108
Figure 34 Proposed formal and informal procedures for projects
in airport regions 118
Figure 35 Identification of goal on formal and informal procedures 120
Figure 36 Identification of conflicts to be solved by formal and
informal procedures 121
Figure 37 Identification of participants in formal and informal
procedures 122
Figure 38 Discussion and negotiation in formal and informal
procedures 123
Figure 39 Impact investigation in formal and informal procedures 124
Figure 40 Formulation of results in formal and informal
procedures 125
Figure 41 Production of reports in formal and informal procedures 126
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions vii
Lists of Table

Table 1 Comparison of formal and informal procedures 17
Table 2 Indicators for impact on airport accessibility 20
Table 3 Need for integrated procedures from the viewpoints of
airports 22
Table 4 Selected case studies from each airport region 29
Table 5 Planning system in the Netherlands 36
Table 6 Planning System in Germany 38
Table 7 Planning system in Switzerland 44
Table 8 Data of the fifth runway project at the Amsterdam Airport 46
Table 9 Data of Amsterdam Zuid-As 50
Table 10 Data of the fourth runway project at the Frankfurt Airport 53
Table 11 Data of AirRail Center Frankfurt 56
Table 12 Data of Europa-Viertel 60
Table 13 Data of the fifth expansion project at the Zurich Airport 62
Table 14 Data of Zentrum Zürich Nord 66
Table 15 Illustrative numerical indicator targets 74
Table 16 Goal-Achievement Matrices 75
Table 17 Assessment method selection criteria 76
Table 18 Target interviewees 85
Table 19 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for the fifth runway
project at the Amsterdam Airport 90
Table 20 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for Amsterdam
Zuid-As 92
Table 21 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for the fourth
runway project at the Frankfurt Airport 95
Table 22 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for AirRail Center
Frankfurt 98
Table 23 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for Europa-Viertel 101
Table 24 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for the fifth
expansion project at the Zurich Airport 104
Table 25 Evaluation Matrix of the procedures for Zentrum Zürich
Nord 106
Table 26 Evaluation matrices relative to the ability of the
proposed procedure 128
Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions viii
List of Key-Word Definitions

Accessibility the capability of being reached by transport means

Airport a place from which aircraft operate that usually has
paved runways and maintenance facilities and
often serves as a terminal for different transport
means

Airport area an area containing an airport

Airport city the more or less dense cluster of operational,
airport-related activities as well as other
commercial and business activities on and around
the airport (however, this cluster is called an
“airport city” only if it has the qualitative features of
a city: density, access quality, environment,
service, etc.)

Airport region a region containing an airport

Assessment a judgement based on the results of an analytical
procedure using pre-defined criteria

Case study a detailed investigation of the development of a
particular project

Criterion one of a set of requirements which is a necessary
part of an assessment procedure

Goal a statement of the direction towards which planning
is aimed

Indicator a measure of a criterion

Inputs required data for a process

Integrated planning planning that includes many different stakeholders
and/or ideas

Planning of land-use developments and transport systems in airport regions ix