Pinus brutia

52 Pages·2009·14.81 MB·English

C
ONTENTS
PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
FOREST RESOURCES IN TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES
SCOTCH PINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
CRIMEAN PINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CALABRIAN PINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
CEDAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
FIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
EASTERN SPRUCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
STONE PINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
JUNIPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
COMMON YEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
CYPRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
BROADLEAVED TREE SPECIES
OAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
BEECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
HORNBEAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
ALDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
MAPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
ASH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
CHESTNUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
EASTERN PLANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
BIRCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
LIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
TURKISH SWEETGUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
POPLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
FOREST RESOURCES IN TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
1
P
RESENTATION
Forests and other wooded lands are not only sources of providing economic functions
but also ecological functions for people and other alives such as storing carbondioxide
in foliage, water and mineral circulation, protection of soil and water and regulation of
climates. In addition forests supply different services for people as tourism, resting and
source of inspiration.
These benefits and services provided by forests are necessary for healty liveable
environment. The technology is not capaple of providing them as the forests do.
The forests land as much as about the size of Turkey's forest land disappears in the
world every year. This deforestation of the land where the carbon is stored the most in
terrain causes global warming as well as other environmental problems. But Turkey is
one of the unique countries increasing forests and rehabilitating the degraded forest
lands.
22 main forest tree species or genera found in Turkish forests are introduced in this
booklet.
Some of these species are endemic to Turkey, some are abundant, scarce or at risk.
B: Broad
E: Endemic
S: Scarce
R: At Risk
This booklet is objected to make especially young generations recognise, interested in
and protect the tree species in country forests.
2
F R T
OREST ESOURCES IN URKEY
According to 2004 forest inventory the total forest land is about 21.2 million hectares and it covers
27.2% of the country land. 50% of the forests is productive and the rest of those are degraded.
Forest land is occupied by about 60% coniferous and 40% broadleaved tree species. Among
broadleaved, oak species are the most while Calabrian pine and Crimean pine dominate in
coniferous.
FOREST AREA (Ha)
Quality Conifers Broadleaved Conifers and Total High Coppice Total
Broadleaved Mixed Forest Forest Land
Normal 6.280.245 1.298.806 1.361.163 8.940.214 1.681.006 10.621.220
Degraded 5.123.546 532.730 843.104 6.499.380 4.068.146 10.567.526
Total 11.403.791 1.831.536 2.204.267 15.439.594 5.749.152 21.188.746
RATIO OF FOREST AREAS DISTRIBUTION OF AREAS
IN REGIONS TO THE COUNTRY LAND BY TREE SPECIES (000 Ha.)
Southeastern Eastern Black Sea Conifers
Anatolia 13 % 11.404
Eastern 6% Western Black Sea
Mediterranean 11 %
11 %
Marmara
Central Anatolia 14 %
11 %
Conifers and
Eastern Anatolia Broadleaved Mixed
8 % Aegean 2.204
Western 18 %
Mediterranean Broadleaved
8 % 7.681
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CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES
S P
COTCH INE
Pinus silvestris L. (Pinaceae)
The southern border in Turkey and in the world is P›narbafl›-Kayseri. It is widely spread in the inner regions of the
Northern Anatolia and it passes to the Central Anatolia. It goes down the seashore of Çamburnu between Of and
Sürmene in the bank of Black Sea. It goes up 2700 m in Eastern Anatolia (Sar›kam›fl-Ziyaret Tepesi). The edge
distribution at South is ‹hsaniye-Afyon Scotch pines are spread compactly at altitudes of about 1000 to 2500 m in
Turkey.
Moreover, There are seven small isolated populations of the Scotch Pine in P›narbafl›, Göksun in between Kayseri
and Kahramanmarafl Where it reachs one of its South limits not only in Turkey but also in the world.
Scotch pine which is evergreen and has a tapering canopy and thin branches forms a straight, full boled, long and
high quality trunk. It may have a height of 20 to 50 m according to the ecological conditions of the area. On young
trunks and on thick branches of the top of old trees, the "fox-yellow" color barks are separated in very thin
laminates. It establishes a strong root system in general.
Scotch pine which is contented for soil needs grows well in
loose, deep and wet sandy soil. It is resistant to frost and
aridity.
Its wood with multiple use is durable and resinous. Its wood
is processed easily, gives a smooth and bright surface,
Scotch Pine
absorbs paint, varnish and glue easily and retains nails
0,5 %
strongly. Thus, scotch pine is used as building material,
furniture material such as door, window, ceiling and floor
covering and in carving. (B)
SIZE OF SCOTCH PINE
Forest Area
Normal Ha. Degraded Ha. Total Ha.
99,5 %
715.642,9 523.935,3 1.239.578,2
Regional Forest Directorate Border
District Forest Directorate Border
Pure Scotch Pine Stands
Mixture of Scotch Pine and Other Species
Mixture of Other Species and Scotch Pine
4
Trunk
Sprout
Needles and Cone
5
CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES
C P
RIMEAN INE
Pinus nigra Arnold. (Pinaceae)
They are seen in almost every region of our country. Crimean Pines, which have geographically wide
distribution area, are found at 400 to 2100 m-high in the country.
An old trunk has deep cracks and thick and grey color barks. It has a cylindrical smooth trunk of 40 m tall
and a diameter over 1 m. Its canopy is narrow and small at high altitudes and dense stands despite its big
crown. It grows fast in its youth.
It is very tolerant to soil conditions. It forms a tapering root system in deep soil and a heart root system in
shallow and hard soil. They grow well in wet deep-heavy clay, sandy clay and clayey sand soil.
The pure stands are threatened by fire and snow. Storms
are harmful when the soil is shallow and the trees are wide
apart. They are resistant to aridity and frost.
Crimean Pine
The wood of Crimean Pine is hard, durable, resinous and 19,8 %
high quality. They are used for building materials, as they
retain nails and screws strongly and they are processed
easily.
SIZE OF CRIMEAN PINE
Normal Ha. Degraded Ha. Total Ha.
Forest Area
2.392.079,3 1.810.218,9 4.202.298,2
80,2 %
Regional Forest Directorate Border
District Forest Directorate Border
Pure Crimean Pine Stands
Mixture of Crimean Pine and Other Species
Mixture of Other Species and Crimean Pine
6
Trunk
Needles and Cone
7
CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES
C P
Pinus brutia Ten.
ALABRIAN INE
(Pinaceae)
In addition to its large spread in Western Anatolia and Mediterranean Region, Calabrian Pines are found in
small stands in microclimate regions. These are the junction of Kelkit brook and Yeflil›rmak river near Erbaa
and like Ayanc›k, Sinop, Boyabat, Amasya and Zonguldak where a typical Mediterranean climate prevails.
The largest expansion in Turkey is in the Mediterranean coastal zone and back regions near the coast and
Southeastern parts. They grow at heights up to 1500 m and have the largest distribution in the country.
It is an important forest tree species with a height of 25 m and with a diameter of 60 cm. At the beginning
they look like pyramids, but when they get older, they are distorted to have larger canopies. They have gray
smooth barks at young ages and thick dark-reddish barks when they get older. New sprouts are reddish in
color. Their name in Turkish comes from this property.
It is badly in need of heat. They form high quality trunks in suitable climate and loamy soil, while they can
grow poor, stony limy or sandy soils, in temperate winters, in hot and dry summers.
It forms tapering roots going very deep. It is fastest
growing native forest tree species in the country, but it is Calabrian Pine
25 %
not strong enough against the winds which form its crown
and trunk. Storms damage to the stands in shallow soils.
They are rarely broken or knocked down by snow. Pine
processionary moths are its greatest enemies. They are
sensitive to frost and damaged less by ground fire,
because of the thick barks. That is only species to derive
resin from the trunks in the county.
They are used for building materials, furniture and
packaging as they are processed easily.
SIZE OF CALABRIAN PINE Forest Area
75 %
Normal Ha. Degraded Ha. Total Ha.
2.999.684,9 2.420.839,7 5.420.524,6
Regional Forest Directorate Border
District Forest Directorate Border
Pure Calabrian Pine Stands
Mixture of Calabrian Pine and Other Species
Mixture of Other Species and Calabrian Pine
8