Table Of ContentContributors
Anne J. Andersno George H. Lacy
J. W. Brewer J. V. Leayr
T. A. Chen C. H. Lioa
E. L. Civerool Paul F. Lurquni
David L. Coplni John L. Mclntyer
Albert H. Ellingbeo Donald J. Merlo
D. W. Fulbrigth Mark S. Mount
D. J. Hagedorn Suresh S. Patli
M . D. Harrisno M . C. M. Perombelno
M . J. Hollidya David A. Rosenbergre
A. L.Jonse Alfred W. Saettrl e
Clarenec I. Kado John P. Sleesmna
Ν. T. Keen James R. Venetet
Zoltan Klement Anne K. Vidavre
:. Wells
PHYTOPATHOGENIC
PROKARYOTES
Edited by
Mark S. Mount
Department of Pathology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts
George H. Lacy
Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
Volume 2
1982
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
New York London
Paris San Diego San Francisco Sao Paulo Sydney Tokyo Toronto
COPYRIGH T © 1982, BY ACADEMI C PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCE D OR
TRANSMITTE D IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS , ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL , INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY , RECORDING , OR ANY
INFORMATIO N STORAG E AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOU T
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMI C PRESS, INC.
111 Fifht Avenue, New York, New York 10030
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMI C PRESS, INC. (LONDON ) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Phytopathogenic prokaryotes.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Micro-organisms, Phytopathogenic. 2. Plant
diseases. 3. Micro-organisms, Phytopathogenic—Control.
A. Bacteria, Phytopathogenic. 5. Bacterial diseases of
plants. 6. Bacteria, Phytopathogenic—Control.
I. Mount, Mark S. II. Lacy, George H. [DNLM:
1. Plants—Microbiology. 2. Plant diseases.
3. Prokaryotic cells. 4. Cells. Qrt 60 P578]
SB731.P55 1982 632'.32 82-13954
ISBN 0-12-509002-1 (v.2)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
82 83 84 85 9 8 7 6 5 4 32 1
The Editors
Dedicate This Volume to
Their Wives,
Patricia Mount and Ruth Lacy
for
Their Patience, Understanding, and Support
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Anne J. Anderson (119), Department of Biology, Utah State University,
Logan, Utah 84322
J. W. Brewer (31), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
T. A. Chen (417), Department of Plant Pathology, Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08930
E. L. Civerolo (343), Fruit Laboratory, Horticultural Science Institute,
USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
David L. Coplin (255), Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricul
tural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44619
Albert H. Ellingboe (103), International Plant Research Institute, San
Carlos, California 94070
D. W. Fulbright (229), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
D. J. Hagedorn (361), Department of Plant Pathology, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
M. D. Harrison (31), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Colo
rado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
M. J. Holliday (179), Biochemical Department, Ε. I. DuPont de Ne
mours, Wilmington, Delaware 19898
A. L. Jones (399), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
Clarence I. Kado (303), Davis Crown Gall Research Group, Department
of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Ν. T. Keen (179), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Califor
nia, Riverside, California 92521
Zoltan Klement (149), Research Institute for Plant Protection, Budapest,
Hungary
George H. Lacy (221), Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Vir
ginia 24061
xiii
xiv Contributors
J. V. Leayr (229,) Departmetn of Plant Patholog,y Universiyt of Califor-
nia, Riversid,e Californai 92521
C. H. Lioa (417), Departmetn of Plant Patholog,y Rutgers Universit,y
New Brunswic,k New Jersye 08930
Paul F. Lurquni (303,) Program in Genetics and Cell Biology, Washing-
ton State Universit,y Pullman, Washingtno 99164
John L. Mclntyer (137), Syracues Researhc Laborator, yAllied Chemi-
cals, Solvay, New York, 13209
Donald J. Merlo (281,) AgriGenetisc Researhc Park, Madison, Wiscon-
sin 53716
Mark S. Mount (329,) Departmetn of Plant Patholog,y Universiyt of
Massachuset,t sAmhers,t Massachusest t01003
Suresh S. Patl i(221), Departmetn of Plant Patholog,y Universiyt of Ha-
waii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
M . C. M. Perombelno (55), Scottihs Crop Researhc Institut,e Inver-
gowerie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
David A. Rosenbergre (71), New York State Agriculturla Experimetn
Station, Hudson Valley Laborator, yHighland, New York 12528
Alfred W. Saettrl e(329,) ARS-USDA, Departmetn of Botany and Plant
Patholog,y Michigan State Universit,y East Lansing, Michigan 48824
John P. Sleesmna (447,) Mobay Chemical Corporatio,n Agriculturla
Chemicasl Division, Howe, Indiana 46746
James R. Venetet (3), Departmetn of Plant Patholog,y North Dakota
State Universit,y Fargo, North Dakota 58105
Anne K. Vidavre (387,) Departmetn of Plant Patholog,y Universiyt of
Nebrask,a Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
J. M. Wells (417), USDA, Post Harvest Pathology, Departmetn of Plant
Patholog,y Rutgers Universit,y New Brunswic,k New Jersye 08930
Preface
This is the second volume of "Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes" a treatise
intended to increase our understanding of these organisms. This two-
volume work is a source of information for those interested in current
research dealing with interactions among prokaryotes and their hosts.
We anticipate that the information, opinions, and speculation contained
herein will stimulate new thought and research in this important area of
phytopathology.
In the first volume we included chapters on the basic nature of phyto
pathogenic prokaryotes, how they are classified, how they penetrate
into and become established in plants, present hypotheses for the devel
opment of pathogenesis and relationships with vectors, interactions of
prokaryotes and their hosts in the phylloplane and the rhizosphere, and
the mechanisms for pathogenesis.
In this second volume we continue to develop additional concepts of
host-pathogen coevolution. Part I concentrates on the movement of
pathogens from one host to another. The concepts presented are essen
tial for understanding the epidemiology, and, therefore, the control of
diseases caused by prokaryotes. Parts II and III elaborate on the dynamic
nature of host-parasite interactions. First, we consider methods by
which hosts may evolve to minimize damage caused by their pathogens.
Second, we present the mechanisms for rapid genetic change available
to the pathogen to counteract host defenses. The ultimate goal of phyto
pathology is to control plant-prokaryote interactions for the benefit of
mankind. The fourth part therefore emphasizes control of diseases
caused by prokaryotes. Manipulation of plant-prokaryote interactions
to break the disease cycle or minimize losses is discussed in regard to
cultural practices, host breeding, biological control, and chemical con
trol. Together both volumes establish new perspectives and stimulate
new ideas for the realization of this goal.
In the last part, important aspects of technology needed to study
XV
xvi Preface
phytopathogenc iprokaryotse are included. The culture of fastidious
prokaryotci plant pathogens is discussde and preservatino techniquse
are reviewed.
Again, the Editors thank all the contributos rto this Treaties for their
enthusiams and scholarshi.p
Mark S. Mount
George H. Lacy
Miles C. Horton, Sr. Researhc Center
Salt Pond Mountani
Giles County, Virginai
Contents of Volume 1
Parti PHYTOPATHOGENIC 11. Clostridia and Plant Disease: New
PROKARYOTES Pathogens?
1. Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes: An Barbara M. Lund
Overview 12. Survival of Phytopathogenic Bacteria in
R. W. Kennedy and George H. Lacy Soil
Solke H. De Boer
2. How Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes Are
Classified 13. Phylloplane Interactions
N. W. Schaad J. P. Blakeman
3. The Infection Process 14. Epiphytic Ice Nucleation-Active
R. N. Goodman Bacteria
S. E. Lindow
Part II CONCEPTS FOR PLANT
INTERACTIONS WITH Part IV PROKARYOTE
PROKARYOTES INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE
PLANT
4. Rationale for Pathogenesis
David C. Sands, R. Vincent Miller, 15. Altered Metabolism—Response to
and Valerie N. Hall Infection
T. Kosuge and Janice A. Kimpel
5. The Evolu Hon of Pa thogenesis and Race
Specificity 16. Pectate Lyase Regulation and Bacterial
Dallice Mills and Carlos F. Gonzalez Soft-Rot Pathogenesis
Alan Collmer, Phyllis Berman, and
6. Evolution of the Insect Vector
Mark S. Mount
Relationship
Alexander H. Purcell 17. Toxins and Pathogenesis
R. D. Durbin
Part III PROKARYOTE
INTERACTIONS ON PLANT 18. Plant Pathogens That Engineer Their
SURFACES Hosts
John D. Kemp
7. Plant Surfaces and Bacterial Growth:
The Rhizosphere and Rhizoplane 19. Wilts: Concepts and Mechanisms
Neal K. Van Alfen
R. C. Foster and G. D. Bowen
20. Chronic and Insidious Disease: The
8. Role of Root-Colonizing Bacteria in
Fastidious Vascular Pathogens
Plant Growth
Randolph E. McCoy
Τ. V. Suslow
21. Pathogenicity of Spiroplasmas,
9. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria: Colonization
of the Rhizosphere and Roots Mycoplasmalike Organisms, and
Gary Stacey and Winston J. Brill Vascular-Limited Fastidious Walled
Bacteria
10. Soft-Rotting Bacteria in the
R. E. Davis and I.-M. Lee
Rhizosphere
Michael E. Stanghellini Index
xvii
Part 1
Epidemiology and Dispersal
This first section of the treatise deals with how phytopathogenic pro-
karyotes find their hosts. Controls for diseases caused by these patho
gens often depend on limiting their access to plants. Therefore, the
chapters included here are important for understanding the biology of
plant-associated prokaryotes as well as minimizing economic losses
from the diseases they cause. In Chapter 1, J. R. Venette reviews disper
sal of bacterial plant pathogens with some emphasis on pseudomonads
and xanthomonads causing leaf spots and blights. M. D. Harrison and J.
W. Brewer discuss the field dispersal of soft rot bacteria in Chapter 2.
The effects of the environment, bacterial populations, and host im
pairment are related to the distribution of soft rot bacteria, their con
tamination of host plants, latency, and disease development by M. C.
M. Perombelon in Chapter 3. How fastidious walled and wall-less pro
karyotes are transmitted by insects is reviewed by D. A. Rosenberger in
Chapter 4.
