Phytochemical, Biological and Formulation Studies of Three Local Medicinal Plants A Thesis

215 Pages·2005·1.24 MB·English

Phytochemical, Biological and Formulation Studies of Three
Local Medicinal Plants

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements of the
University of Khartoum for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

By
Mohammed Himmed Ahmed Fadul
B.Sc (Honours) Gezira University
M.Sc. University of Khartoum

Under the Supervision of:
Dr. Abd Elkarim Mohammed Abd Elkarim
Prof. Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Ibrahim

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Khartoum
August 2004
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:ﻰﻟَﺎﻌَ ﺗَ لَ ﺎﻗ
(( ﺎًﻤَ ﻠْﻋِ ﻲﻧِدْ زِِ بﱢ رَ ﻞْ ﻗًوَ ))

(114) ﺔﻳﻵا ،ﻪﻃ ةرﻮﺳ

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ءاﺪـــــهإ

جﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻪﺜﺤﺑ لﺎﻃ ﺾﻳﺮﻣ ﻞآ ﻲﻟا
ءاد يﻷ ءاوﺪﻟا ﺪﺟو ﺚﺣﺎﺑ ﻞآ ﻰﻟاو
ﺾﻳﺮﻣ ﻪﺟو ﻲﻓ ﻢﺴﺘﺒﻣ ﻞآ ﻰﻟاو
ﻢﻬﻠﻐﺸﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ءﻼﻣﺰﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻰﻟاو
نﺎﺴﻧﻹا ﺔﺤﺻ
ﻰﻠﻜﻟا ﻰﺿﺮﻣُ ءﺎﻗﺪﺻأ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻰﻟاو

ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬه ىﺪهأ

ﺖﻤه ﺪﻤﺤﻣ

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Acknowledgement

I would like to introduce my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my
supervisors Professor Abd EL Karim Mohammed Abd EL Karim and
Professor Kamal Eldin Eltayeb, for their keen continuous supervision and
advice during the present study.
I wish to express my great thanks to my college Dr. Mohammed El
Hassan Shayoub for his unlimited help to carry out formulation and
evaluation of the final product.
My thanks are extended to Dr. Mohammed Mohammed Salih El Jebelabi
general manager of Soba Veterinary Research Centre for his help to join
their laboratory and providing me with experimental animals.
My thanks are also due to Dr. Ali Shemmet, Department of Clinical
Biochemistry, Soba Veterinary Research Centre and his colleagues for
their help to carry out Serobiochemical analysis.
I would like to thank also my colleagues in the Department of
Haematology and Histopathology, Soba Veterinary Research Centre for
their true faithful support.
My thanks are also to Said Yousif of the Electron Microscope Unit,
Department of Zoology, University of Khartoum for his help to
photograph the results of histopathology.
I wish to record my deep gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Mahmoud
Mudawy, Dr. Ayman, Dr. Muhanna, Dr. Walid Koko, Ust. Wail, and
their leader Professor Abd EL Wahap for their great help and advices
during the course of pharmacological screening.
Many thanks are to Dr. Hassan El Sobki, Mudether, and Husham, of the
Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research
Institute-Khartoum and El Amin Mubark of the Department of
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, for their help and
advices.
My appreciation and gratitude to Dr. El-Nazeer, Babiker, and Dr. Eltayeb
of the Department of Pharmaceutics-Omdurman Islamic University, and
Yousif of the Department of Pharmaceutics-Khartoum University, for
their great help.
My sincere appreciation to Tilal Ahmed Salih for his help to carry out
physicochemical tests of effervescent granules and tablets; my thanks also
to Climax factory (Khartoum North) for providing with chemicals (fillers
and binding agents).
I wish to express my appreciation and gratitude to Nada Khojali and
Yummna, of the department of microbiology (Umdorman Islamic
University), for their help to carryout antibacterial activity.
My thanks due to Abd El-Bagi Nasir for provding with herbs from the
local market.
My great thanks to Adil Amin and Mona for typing this thesis.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. Mutasim Osman Ali of the department of
Medicine, the Academy of Medical Technology, Khartoum for his effort
and support during the clinical studies.
My thanks also due to Omdurman Islamic University for the partial
funding of this work.
At last but not least, my special thanks are due to my wife for her help,
encouragement and creation of tolerable environment at home.
My prayers, praise and thanks to ALLAH ALMIGHTY and Merciful.
My prayers to the leader of this nation prophet Mohammed Ben Abd
Ellah Ben Abd El Mutalab.

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List of Abbreviations

A Absorbance
AS.T Acetate Transaminase
AL.P Alkaline Phosphates
A.M Ambrosia maritima
ASP Aspergillus's
B Blank
B.P Boiling Point
B.D.H British Drug House
Br. Ph. British Pharmacopoeia
CF.U Colony Forming Unit
C Concentration
C.P Cymbopogon Proximus
F.C Force of Contraction
G.C.MS Gas chromatography /Mass Spectrophotometery
G.SH Glutathione
G.SH-R Glutathione Reductase
G.S.T Glutathione-S-Transferase
G Group
HB Haemoglobin
H.R Heart Rate
I.R Infra-Red
L.C Lethal Concentration
LP.S Lipopoly – Saccharide
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MD.A Malonaldehyde
MCH Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
MCHC Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration
MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume
M.P Melting Point
MCC Micro crystalline Cellulose
ε Molar Absorbability
N Normality
N.B Notice Board
PCV Packed Cell Volume
PPM Part Per Million
P.V.P Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone
RBC Red Blood Cells Count
R.I Refractive Index
S Sample
S.E Significant Error
SPP Species
SPSS Statistical Packages For Social Sciences
T.D.F Tablet Dosage Form
T Tested Sample
b Thickness (m3)
T.L.C Thin Layer Chromatography
T.N.F Tumour Necrosis Factor
U.V Ultra-Violet
U.S.P United States Pharmacopoeia
U.T Urinary Tract
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V.R.C Veterinary Research Centre
V Volume
λ Wave Length (nm)
W, WT Weight
WBC White Blood Cells Count

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List of Tables

Table (1): Classification of Terpenes
Table (2): Classification of Alkaloids
Table (3): List of Solvents
Table (4): List of Chemicals
Table (5): List of Glass-Ware
Table (6): List of Instruments
Table (7): Wavelength of Serum Minerals
Table (8): Master Sheet
Table (9): Botanical Classification
Table (10): Analysis of Cymbopogon proximus
Table (11): Phytochemiccal Screening of Cymbopogon proximus
Table (12): Physical Propreties of Cymbopogon proximus
Table(13): Phytochemical Screening of Ambrosia maritima
Table (14): Phytochemical Screening of Cornsilk
Table (15): Thin Layer Chromatography of Flavonoids
Table (16): U.V. Absorbance of Corn –Silk At λmax 675nm
Table (17): U.V. Absorbance of Corn –Silk At λmax 400nm
Table (18): U.V. Absorbance of Ambrosia maritima At λmax 675nm
Table (19): U.V. Absorbance of Ambrosia maritima At λmax 400nm
Table (20): U.V. Absorbance of Ambrosia maritima At λmax 200-400nm
Table (21): Infra –Red Interpretation of Pipretone
Table (22): Blood Parameters in Albino Rats Orally Dosed With Ambrosia
maritima (0.1%.w/v/Day/Rat)
Table (23): Blood Parameters in Albino Rats Orally Dosed With Ambrosia
maritima (0.2%w/v.Day/Rat)

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Table (24): Blood Parameters in Albino Rats Orally Dosed with Ambrosia
(cid:31)aritime (.3%w/v.Day/Rat)
Table (25): Blood Parameters in Albino Rats Orally Dosed With Ambrosia
(cid:31)aritime (0.4%w/v Day /Rat)
Table (26): Blood Parameters in Albino Rats, Untreated Control
Table (27): Blood Parameters in Albino Rats, Orally Dosed With Ambrosia
manitima(0.1%w/v/ Day /Rat)
Table (28): Serobiochemical Constituents for Albino Rats, Untreated Control
Table (29): Serobiochemical Constituents for Albino Rats, Treated With
Ambrosia marititima, (0.1%w/v/Day /Rat)
Table (30): Serobiochemical Constituents for Albino Rats, Treated With
Ambrosia marititima, (0.2%w/v.Day/ Rat)
Table (31): Serobiochemical Constituents for Albino Rats, Treated With
Ambrosia marititima (0.3%w/v Day/Rat)
Table (32): Serobiochemical Constituents for Albino Rats, Treated With
Ambrosia marititima (0.4%w/v Day/Rat)
Table (33): Effect of Ambrosia marititima Water Extract on Isolated Perfused
Rabbit Heart
Table (34): Effect of Corn – Silk Water Extract on Isolated Perfused Rabbit
Heart
Table (35): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Ambrosia (cid:31)aritime Water Extracts
(Group A)
Table (36): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Ambrosia Maritima Water Extracts
(Group B)
Table (37): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Ambrosia (cid:31)aritime Water Extracts
(Group C)
Table (38): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Corn-Silk Water Extracts (Group D)
Table (39): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Corn-Silk Water Extracts (Group A)
Table (40): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Corn-silk Water Extracts (Group B)
Table (41): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Corn-silk Water Extracts (Group C)
Table (42λ): Local Anaesthetic Activity of Corn-silk Water Extracts (Group D)

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