Physiology of Sport and Exercise

642 Pages·2011·45.54 MB·English

by  W. Larry Kenney

Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6/26/12 5:00 PM
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Physiology of Sport
and Exercise
FiFtH EDition
W. Larry Kenney, PhD
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Jack H. Wilmore, PhD
University of Texas, Austin
David L. Costill, PhD
Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
Human
Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kenney, W. Larry.
Physiology of sport and exercise / W. Larry Kenney, Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill. -- 5th ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Physiology of sport and exercise / Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, W. Larry Kenney.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-9409-2 (print)
ISBN-10: 0-7360-9409-1 (print)
I. Wilmore, Jack H., 1938- II. Costill, David L. III. Wilmore, Jack H., 1938- Physiology of sport and exercise. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Exercise--physiology. 2. Sports--physiology. 3. Physical Endurance. 4. Physical Fitness. QT 260]

612’.044--dc23
2011035158
ISBN-10: 0-7360-9409-1 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-9409-2 (print)
Copyright © 2012 by W. Larry Kenney, Jack H. Wilmore, and David L. Costill
Copyright © 2008 by Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, and W. Larry Kenney
Copyright © 2004, 1999, 1994 by Jack H. Wilmore and David L. Costill
All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechani-
cal, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information
storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher.
Permission notices and credits for photos in this book can be found on page xvii.
The web addresses cited in this text were current as of May 2011, unless otherwise noted.
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E5149
First and foremost,
to my wife, Patti, who takes care of all of the important things in our
lives so that I can pursue academic endeavors such as research, teaching, and writing textbooks. To my
grown-up children, Matthew, Alex, and Lauren, the three most important things in my life. It has been a joy
watching you grow and achieve your own success in school, athletics, and life. Keep striving for new goals,
continue to be good people who care about others, and stay happy along life’s journey. To my parents, who
inspired and supported me and continue to serve as role models. And to all my graduate students, past
and present, who challenge me and teach me new things every day.
W. Larry Kenney
i dedicate this book
to those who have had the greatest impact on my life. To my loving
wife, Dottie, and our three wonderful daughters, Wendy, Kristi, and Melissa, for patience, understanding,
and love. To our sons-in-law, Craig, Brian, and Randall, for being good husbands, fathers, and friends.
To our grandchildren, who are a constant source of joy and amazement. To Mom and Dad for their love,
sacrifice, direction, and encouragement. To my former students, who have been my friends and inspiration.
And to my Lord, Jesus Christ, who provides for every one of my needs.
Jack H. Wilmore
to my grandchildren,
Renee and David, who have added a new dimension to my
life. To my wife, Judy, who gave me two loving daughters, Jill and Holly. To my college swimming coach,
Bob Bartels, who “rescued my soul” on more than one occasion, and showed me the joys of research and
teaching. To my former students, who taught me more than I taught them—their subsequent successes
have been the highlight of my career.
David L. Costill
Contents
Preface ix
Student and Instructor Resources xv
Acknowledgments xvi
Photo Credits xvii
Introduction: An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology 1
Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology 3
Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise 3
The Evolution of Exercise Physiology 3
Research: The Foundation for Understanding 14
P A rt I Exercising Muscle
1 Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle 27
Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 29
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise 37
2 Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics
and Muscle Metabolism 49
Energy Substrates 50
Controlling the Rate of Energy Production 52
Storing Energy: High-Energy Phosphates 54
The Basic Energy Systems 55
Interaction Among the Energy Systems 64
The Oxidative Capacity of Muscle 64
3 Neural Control of Exercising Muscle 69
Structure and Function of the Nervous System 70
Central Nervous System 78
Peripheral Nervous System 80
Sensory-Motor Integration 83
4 Hormonal Control During Exercise 91
The Endocrine System 92
Hormones 93
Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: An Overview 96
Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise 100
Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes During Exercise 104
5 Energy Expenditure and Fatigue 113
Measuring Energy Expenditure 114
Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise 120
Fatigue and Its Causes 128
iv
P Art II Cardiovascular and respiratory Function
6 the Cardiovascular System and Its Control 139
Heart 140
Vascular System 152
Blood 157
7 the respiratory System and Its regulation 163
Pulmonary Ventilation 164
Pulmonary Volumes 166
Pulmonary Diffusion 167
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 172
Gas Exchange at the Muscles 175
Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation 177
8 Cardiorespiratory responses to Acute Exercise 181
Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise 182
Respiratory Responses to Acute Exercise 196
P Art III Exercise training
9 Principles of Exercise training 209
Terminology 210
General Principles of Training 212
Resistance Training Programs 214
Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Training Programs 220
10 Adaptations to resistance training 227
Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness 228
Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength 228
Muscle Soreness and Cramps 237
Resistance Training for Special Populations 242
11 Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic training 247
Adaptations to Aerobic Training 248
Adaptations to Anaerobic Training 272
Specificity of Training and Cross-Training 275
v
Contents
P Art IV Environmental Influences on Performance
12 Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments 283
Body Temperature Regulation 284
Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat 291
Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat 294
Acclimation to Exercise in the Heat 299
Exercise in the Cold 301
Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold 304
Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold 305
13 Exercise at Altitude 309
Environmental Conditions at Altitude 310
Physiological Responses to Acute Altitude Exposure 313
Exercise and Sport Performance at Altitude 317
Acclimation: Chronic Exposure to Altitude 319
Altitude: Optimizing Training and Performance 322
Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude 325
P Art V Optimizing Performance in Sport
14 training for Sport 333
Optimizing Training: A Model 334
Overtraining 338
Tapering for Peak Performance 345
Detraining 346
15 Body Composition and Nutrition for Sport 355
Body Composition in Sport 356
Nutrition and Sport 367
16 Ergogenic Aids and Sport 395
Researching Ergogenic Aids 397
Pharmacological Agents 399
Hormonal Agents 405
Physiological Agents 411
Nutritional Agents 417
vi
Contents
P Art VI Age and Sex Considerations in Sport and Exercise
17 Children and Adolescents in Sport and Exercise 425
Growth, Development, and Maturation 426
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise 430
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training 437
Motor Ability and Sport Performance 440
Special Issues 440
18 Aging in Sport and Exercise 447
Height, Weight, and Body Composition 449
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise 452
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training 461
Sport Performance 463
Special Issues 465
19 Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise 471
Body Size and Composition 473
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise 474
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training 480
Sport Performance 482
Special Issues 482
P Art VII Physical Activity for Health and Fitness
20 Prescription of Exercise for Health and Fitness 499
Health Benefits of Exercise: The Great Awakening 500
Medical Clearance 501
Exercise Prescription 508
Monitoring Exercise Intensity 510
Exercise Program 516
Exercise and Rehabilitation of People With Diseases 518
21 Cardiovascular Disease and Physical Activity 521
Forms of Cardiovascular Disease 523
Understanding the Disease Process 527
Determining Individual Risk 530
Reducing Risk Through Physical Activity 533
Risk of Heart Attack and Death During Exercise 538
Exercise Training and Rehabilitating Patients With Heart Disease 539
22 Obesity, Diabetes, and Physical Activity 545
Obesity 546
Diabetes 565
Glossary 573
References 591
Index 608
About the Authors 620
vii